ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM XXVIII A RECONSIDERATION OF MASDEVALLIA SYSTEMATICS OF SPECKLINIA and vegetatively similar taxa (Orchidaceae) Missouri Botanical Garden ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM XXVIII A RECONSIDERATION OF MASDEVALLIA SYSTEMATICS OF SPECKLINIA and vegetatively similar taxa (Orchidaceae) MISCELLANEOUS NEW TAXA IN THE PLEUROTHALLLID GENERA ACIANTHERA, ACRONIA, ARTHROSIA, COLOMBIANA, CROCODEILANTHE, DRACULA, DRYADELLA, LODDIGESIA, MASDEVALLIA, MYOXANTHUS, OGYGIA, PLATYSTELE, PORROGLOSSUM, RESTREPIA and TRICHOSALPINX Missouri Botanical Garden MONOGRAPHS IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY FROM THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN Volume 105 Published in May 2006 in an edition of 500 copies. Effective date of publication of Volume 103 is 3 June 2005. ISSN 0161-1542 ISBN 1-930723-52-0 Carlyle A. Luer 3222 Old Oak Drive Sarasota, FL 34239-5019 Editor Victoria C. Hollowell Managing Editor Beth Parada Associate Editor Diana Gunter Editorial Assistant Barbara Mack MBG Press Assistant Adele Niblack Copyright (c) 2006 by Missouri Botanical Garden Press All rights reserved Printed in the U.S.A. by Coastal Printing, Inc., Sarasota, FL Composed at 3222 Old Oak Drive, Sarasota, Florida with WordStar 7.0 Typeset with Hewlett Packard LaserJet 2100M Copies of this book are available through Missouri Botanical Garden MBG Press Orders P.O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, U.S.A. http://www.mbgpress.org Orders: mbgpress@mobot.org, or orders @ mbgpres s. org CONTENTS A reconsideration of Masdevallia .1-20 *** Systematics of Specklinia and vegetatively similar genera.21-244 Binomials attributable to Specklinia and vegetatively similar genera.23-26 Key to the genera and species vegetatively similar to Specklinia .26-38 Systematics of Specklinia .39-81 Systematics of Andreettaea .82 Systematics of Areldia .82 Systematics of Atopoglossum .83-85 Systematics of Chamelophyton .85 Systematics of Dondodia .85-86 Systematics of Gerardoa .86-87 Systematics of Incaea .87-88 Systematics of Lomax .88-89 Systematics of Lueranthos .89 Systematics of Madisonia .90 Systematics of Masdevalliantha .90-91 Systematics of Muscarella .94-138 Pabstiella .139-143 Systematics of Panmorphia .144-190 Systematics of Phloeophila .191-194 Systematics of Proctoria .195 Systematics of Ronaldella .195-197 Systematics of Rubellia . 197 Systematics of Sarcinula .201-226 Systematics of Sylphia .227-230 Systematics of Tribulago .230-232 Systematics of Tridelta .232-233 Systematics of Xenosia .233-234 References and acknowledgments.237 Index.238-244 *** Miscellaneous new taxa in the Pleurothallidinae.245-257 *** Addenda to A Treasure of Masdevallia .260-281 Panmorphia rabei (Foldats) Luer, collected in Venezuela by Raymond McCullough in 1967, cultivated and photographed by Lynn O’Shaughnessy in Howell, Michigan, in 2006. 1 A RECONSIDERATION OF MASDEVALLIA (ORCHIDACEAE) ABSTRACT Because of marked morphological differences among some of the subgenera of Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav., recognition at the generic level is proposed. New genera: Acinopetala Luer Alaticaulia Luer Buccella Luer Byrcella Luer Fissia (Luer) Luer Luzama Luer Megema Luer Petalodon Luer Pteroon Luer Regalia Luer Reichantha Luer Spectaculum Luer Spilotantha Luer Streptoura Luer Triotosiphon (Schltr.) ex Luer Zahleria Luer The neotropical genus Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. is massive. It is a large and beloved assortment of over 500 species that are classed into numerous distinct subdivisions (Luer, 2000a, 2000b, 2001, 2002, 2003). To many of its devotees, amateur and professional alike, its dismemberment into smaller genera would amount to nothing less than heresy. Many taxa have been hiding under the blanket of Masdevallia. In spite of the consternation to be invoked, be that as it may, dif¬ ferences in morphology and DNA do exist, and some genera are hereby recognized. However, the majority of species remain in the sections of Masdevallia. Although still incomplete, recent DNA analyses (Abele et al., 2005) have shed some light on some relationships of the following proposed genera. KEY TO THE GENERA 1 Lip undivided, with or without calli.2 L Lip divided by marginal folds into two parts, an epichile and a hypochile.17 2 Rhizome elongated, plant repent; raceme successive with red-orange flowers; lateral sepals tailless. Spectaculum T Rhizome abbreviated, plant caespitose.3 3 Ovary variously ornamented.4 3’ Ovary not ornamented, but may have low carinae or ribs.6 4 Ovary spiculate to long-papillose. Diodonopsis 4’ Ovary carinate or crested.5 5 Ovary carinate with short papillae extending onto the bases of the sepals. . Luzama 5’ Ovary with crests overlapping the bases of the sepals. Pteroon 6 Inflorescence 1-flowered.7 6’ Inflorescence simultaneously or successively flowered.11 7 Sepals deeply connate into a tube constricted above the middle. Tirtosiphon T Sepals variously connate.8 2 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 8 Petals with a marginal callus ending in a basal process of various shapes and sizes . Masdevallia 8’ Petals not with a marginal callus ending in a basal process.9 9 Petals with a small process above or along the margin between the middle and basal third. Acinopetala 9’ Petals without a protruding process.10 10 Lip thick, verrucose at the apex. Byrsella 10’ Lip thin, smooth, or microscopicallly verrucose at the apex. Reichantha 11 Sepals free, with the bases of the lateral sepals forming a shallow cup with a curved column-foot; lip entire, or with ill-defined marginal folds. Rodrigoa 11 ’ Sepals variously connate.12 12 Petals with 2 distinct, or 2 joined, descending processes. Petalodon 12’ Petals without 2 distinct or joined descending processes.13 13 Sepals thickly rigid; lip thick, verrucose at the apex, with concavities at the base.. . Regalia 13’ Sepals and lip not as above.14 14 Peduncle thin, prostrate, horizontal or ascending.15 14’ Peduncle stout, strict, erect.16 15 Petals with a longitudinal callus on the lower half ending in a retrorse process, . Zahleria 15’ Petals without a protruding callus. Luzama 16 Petals thick without a protruding process. Reichantha 16’ Petals with a small process above or along the margin between the middle and basal third. Acinopetala 17 Inflorescence 1-flowered.18 17’ Inflorescence simultaneously or successively flowered.21 18 Floral bract inflated, engulfing the pedicel and ovary; petals with the tips verru¬ cose . Megema 18’ Petals not verrucose at the apex.19 19 Ovaries with tortuous, undullating lamellae; sepals nearly free; petals sharply tridentate. Fissia 19’ Not as above.20 20 Ovaries carinate-crested; sepals connate into a tube inflated below the middle with a long, curved, column-foot. Buccella 20’ Ovaries carinate; sepals carinate within, with thick, twisted tails. Streptoura 21 Peduncle triquetrous. Alaticaulia 21’ Peduncle terete.22 22 Ovary usually carinate; floral bract usually inflated; sepals membranous. . Spilotantha 22’ Ovary not carinate; floral bract not inflated; sepals fleshy-rigid. Alaticaulia SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 3 ACINOPETALA Acinopetala Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia minuta LindL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 12: 396, 1842 [ ^Acinopetala minuta (Lindl.) Luer]. Ety.: From the Greek akis and petalon, “a petal with a point,” referring to the callus on the petal. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Minutae Rchb.f. ex Woolward, The Genus Masdevallia, sect. VI, 1896. Type: Masdevallia minuta Lindl. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Floribundae Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 34: 84, 1925. Type: Masdevallia floribunda Limdl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. 72, 1843 [= Acinopetala flori¬ bunda (Lindl.) Luer]. Plantae parvulae vel mediocres. Pedunculus teres uni- vel pauciflorus. Petala oblonga callo infra¬ medium apiculato. Labellum oblongum bicallosum. This genus of about 18 species is distributed from Mexico in the North, to the Guianas in the East, and to Bolivia in the South. It is distinguished by a caespitose habit; a single-flowered or a successively flowered raceme, save two species with two simultaneous flowers [Acinopetala chontalensis (Rchb.f.) Luer, and Acinopeta¬ la geminiflora (ROrtiz) Luer], that is borne by a terete peduncle; sepals connate into a tube or cup; petals oblong, callous on the lower half with a short, usually acute process below the middle (absent in Acinopetala adamsii)', and an oblong lip with a longitudinal pair of calli on or above the middle third. Acinopetala is related to sympatric Reichantha Luer which is usually vegetative- ly and florally larger with oblong, callous petals without a process, either medially or basally, and with an oblong lip with subdued calli. Because of the distinct callus of the petal, Masdevallia schizopetala (Luer) has been received as a transfer from Masdevallia sect. Zahlbrucknerae Luer. Acinopetala adamsii (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia adamsii Luer, Lindleyana 9: 243, 1994. Acinopetala arangoi (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia arangoi Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 13: 149, 1979. Acinopetala attenuata (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia attenuata Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 834, 1871. Acinopetala chontalensis (Rchb. f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia chontalensis Rchb. f., Otia Bot. Hambur- gensial: 17, 1878. Acinopetala crescenticola (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia crescenticola Lehm. & Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 428, 1921. Acinopetala flaveola (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia flaveola Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 21: 638, 1884. Acinopetala floribunda (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia floribunda Lindl., Bot. Reg. 29: Misc. 72, 1843. Acinopetala geminiflora (P. Ortiz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia geminiflora P. Ortiz, Orquideologfa 14: 226, 1981. Acinopetala gutierrezii (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia gutierrezii Luer, Phytologia 42: 461, 1979. Acinopetala herradurae (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia herradurae Lehm. & Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 455, 1899. Acinopetala laucheana (Woolward) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia laucheana Woolward, Monogr. Masde¬ vallia t. 19, 1896. Acinopetala livingstoneana (Rchb.f. & Roezl) Luer, comb, nov. Bas.: Masdevallia livingstoneana Rchb.f. & Roezl, Gard. Gard. Chron. n.s., 4: 290, 1875. Acinopetala minuta (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia minuta Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 12: 396, 1843. Acinopetala nicaraguae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia nicaraguae Luer, Selbyana 5: 148, 1979. Acinopetala pescadoensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb, nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pescadoensis Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 13: 179, 1979. Acinopetala scabrilinguis (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia scabrilinguis Luer, Phytologia 44: 168, 1979. Acinopetala schizopetala (Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia schizopetala Kraenzl., Bull. Misc. Inform. 101, 1925. Acinopetala tokachiorum (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia tokachiorum Luer, Lindleyana 6: 90, 1991. Acinopetala tubuliflora (Ames) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia tubuliflora Ames, Orchidaceae 2: 265, et 3: 48, 1908. Acinopetala wendlandiana (Rchb. f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia wendlandianaRchb. f., Gard. Chron. ser. 1: 174, 1887. Alaticaulia buccinator (Rchb f & Warsz) Luer comb nov ___ - sscrr r- ':re:;:~ i rcsoi.::,r:.'::. i (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. aESS Andreecta) Luer, co m b. nov. aguirra Luer & R.Escobar, Harvard Bas, Moafarfft, carolloi Luer & Andreetta, Phytologia Missouri Bot. Gard. 64: 125,1997. Bas.: Masdevallia , ! Rchbd!; Bonplaindia 3: 225, SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 5 Alaticaulia descendens (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia descendens Luer & Andreetta, Lindleyana 3: 195, 1988. Alaticaulia discoidea (Luer & Wiirstle) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia discoidea Luer & Wiirstle, Lindleyana 1: 182, 1986. Alaticaulia don-quijote (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia don-quijote Luer & Andreetta, Phytologia 59:61, 1985. Alaticaulia dorisiae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia dorisiae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 149, 1999. Alaticaulia draconis (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia draconis Luer & Andreetta, Lindleyana 3: 21, 1988. Alaticaulia dunstervillei (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia dunstervillei Luer, Selbyana 7: 106, 1982. Alaticaulia echo (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia echo Luer, Phytologia 39: 198, 1978. Alaticaulia empusa (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia empusa Luer, Phytologia 39: 200, 1978. Alaticaulia eumeces (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia eumeces Luer, Lindleyana4: 111, 1989. Alaticaulia excelsior (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia excelsior Luer & Andreetta, Selbyana 5: 393, 1981. Alaticaulia fosterae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia fosterae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 150, 1999. Alaticaulia frilehmannii (Luer & R.Vasquez) comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia frilehmannii Luer & R.Vasquez, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3: 39, 2001. Alaticaulia garciae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia garciae Luer, Selbyana 7: 109, 1982. Alaticaulia guerrieroi (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia guerrieroi Luer & Andreetta, Selbyana 2: 373, 1978. Alaticaulia guttulata (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia guttulata Rchb.f., Linnaea41: 118, 1877, non Rolfe, 1890. Alaticaulia helgae (Koniger & J.J.Portilla) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia helgae Koniger & J.J.Portilla, Arcula 7: 194, 1997. Alaticaulia impostor (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia impostor Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 166, 1979. Alaticaulia infracta (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia infracta Lindl., Gen. Spec. Orchid. 3: 193, 1833. Alaticaulia maculata (Klotzsch & H.Karst.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia maculata Klotzsch & H.Karst., Allg. Gartenzeitung 15: 330, 1847. Alaticaulia martineae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia martineae Luer, Harvard Papers in Botany 2: 55, 1997. Alaticaulia martiniana (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia martiniana Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 108, 1998. Alaticaulia mascarata (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mascarata Luer & R.Vasquez, Novon 2: 6, 1992. Alaticaulia mayaycu (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mayaycu Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 3: 201, 1988. Alaticaulia medusa (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia medusa Luer & R.Escobar, Selbyana 7: 72, 1982. Alaticaulia melanoxantha (Linden & Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia melanoxantha Linden & Rchb.f., Bonplandia2: 283, 1854. Alaticaulia menatoi (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia menatoi Luer & R.Vasquez, Phytologia 46: 351, 1980. Alaticaulia mezae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mezae Luer, Phytologia 44: 166, 1979. Alaticaulia monogona (Koniger) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia monogona Koniger, Die Orchidee 36: 82, 1985. Alaticaulia munae (Luer & Barrow) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia munae Luer & Barrow, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 103: 291, 2005. Alaticaulia navicularis (Garay & Dunst.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia navicularis Garay & Dunst., Venezuelan Orchids Illustr. 6: 232, 1976. Alaticaulia norae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia norae Luer, Lindleyana 3: 44, 1988. Alaticaulia obscurans (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia obscurans Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 112, 1998. Alaticaulia odontopetala (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia odontopetala Luer, Phytologia 39: 215, 1978. Alaticaulia omorenoi (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia omorenoi Luer & R.Vasquez, Harvard Papers in Botany 2: 58, 1997. Alaticaulia oreas (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia oreas Luer & R.Vasquez, Selbyana 5: 395, 1981. Alaticaulia ingridiana (Luer & J.J.Portilla) Luer, comb, nov Bas.: Masdevallia ingridiana Luer & J.J.Portilla, Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 105a, 2000. Alaticaulia isos (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia isos Luer, Phytologia 42: 463, 1979. Alaticaulia jarae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia jarae Luer, Harvard Papers in Botany, 9: 4, 1996. Alaticaulia kuhniorum (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia kuhniorum Luer, Phytologia 39: 208, 1978, as kuhnorum. Alaticaulia lata (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lata Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 7: 653, 1877. Syn.: Masdevallia borucana PH. Allen, Ceiba 3:14, 1952. Alaticaulia lenae (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lenae Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 6: 87, 1991 Syn.: Masdevallia gracilior Koniger & J.Portilla. Alaticaulia lintricula (Koniger) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lintricula Koniger, Die Orchidee 37: 106, 1986. Alaticaulia loui (Luer & Dalstrom) comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia loui Luer & Daltrom, Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 113a, 2002. Alaticaulia luziae-mariae (Luer & R.Vasquez) comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia luziae-mariae Luer & R.Vasquez, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3:41,2001. Alaticaulia oscitans (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia oscitans Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 112, 1998. Alaticaulia pastinata (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pastinata Luer, Harvard Papers in Botany 2: 58, 1997. Alaticaulia patchicutzae (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia patchicutzae Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 10: 123, 1995. Alaticaulia phoebe (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia phoebe Luer & Hirtz, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 103: 295, 2005. Alaticaulia phoenix (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia phoenix Luer, Phytologia 39: 222, 1978. Alaticaulia pinocchio (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pinocchio Luer & Andreetta, Phytologia . 39: 224, 1978. Alaticaulia plynophora (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia plynophora Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 149a, 2002. Alaticaulia portillae (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia portillae Luer & Andreetta, Selbyana 2: 378, 1978. Alaticaulia posadae (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia posadae Luer & R.Escobar, Selbyana 7: 74, 1982. ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Alaticaulia priscillana (Lu Alaticaulia^proUxa^^er)* Lue^\°coi SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 7 BUCCELLA Buccella Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia nidifica Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 18, 1878 [ =Buccella nidifica (Rchb.f.) Luer]. Ety.: From the Latin bucca, “a cheek,” hence “little cheek,” referring to the dilated lateral sepals. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Nidificae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 12, 1986. Syn.: Masdevallia subgen. Nidificia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10, 2000. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Ophioglossae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 15, 1986. Type: Masdevallia ophioglossa Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 17, 1878 [ =Buccinella ophio- glossoides (Rchb.f.) Luer]. Plantae parvae caespitosae. Pedunculus teres uniflorus. Ovarium cristatum. Bractae florales non inflatae. Sepala in cupulam vel tubum ad basim inflatum cum columnae pede elongato connata. This is a small, neotropical genus of nine species distinguished by a caespitose habit; single flowers with carinate-crested ovaries without inflated floral bracts; sepals connate into a tube or cup with an inflated base created with a long, curved column-foot; and a lip, divided by marginal folds into a hypochile and an epichile. DNA analyses (Abele et al., 2005) suggest a close relationship with Spilotantha Luer, and even the flower of Buccella dynastes (Luer) Luer is superficially similar to that of Spilotantha pachyura (Rchb.f.) Luer, but the single flowers with a long, curved column-foot distinguish Buccella. Buccella bucculenta (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia bucculenta Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 10: 115, 1995. Buccella dynastes (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia dynastes Luer, Phytologia 42: 459, 1979. Buccella lamia (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lamia Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 3: 40, 1988. Buccella molossoides (Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia molossoides Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17:416, 1921. Buccella molossus (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia molossus Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 10, 1877. Buccella nidifica (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia nidifica Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 18, 1878. Buccella ophioglossa (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia ophioglossa Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 17, 1878. Buccella strigosa (Koniger) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia strigosa Koniger, Die Orchidee 41: 142, 1990. Buccella ventricosa (Schltr.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia ventricosa Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 120, 1915. BYRSELLA Byrsella Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia coriacea Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 15: 257, 1845 [-Byrsella coccinea (Lindl.) Luer]. Ety.: From the Greek byrsa, meaning “leather," referring to the leaves. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Coriaceae Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 1: 240, 1874, pro parte Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Leontoglossae Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 15, 1878. Type: Masdevallia leontoglossa Rchb.f., Bonplandia 3: 69, 1855. Plantae floresque coriaceae. Pedunculus teres crassus uniflorus. Sepala carnosa plerumque verruco¬ sa. Petalorum calli non protuberantes. Labellum ligulatum integrum plerumque verrucosum. This is a large Andean taxon of 42 species distinguished by coarse, caepitose plants with thickly coriaceous leaves borne by shorter, stout ramicauls, and a sin¬ gle-flowered, terete peduncle. The sepals are usually thickly fleshy, variously connate into a cup or tube, and often verrucose within. The ovary is smooth. The petals are cartilaginous without a prominent, descending process, but the labellar margin is often obtusely angled. The lip is thick, more or less oblong, entire and undivided by lateral folds. The obtuse apex is verrucose (with rare exceptions), the base more or less cordate with the basal lobes often concave. Byrsella angulata (Rchb. f.) Luer, comb. nov. Byrsella atahualpa (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia angulata Rchb. f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia Bas.: Masdevallia atahualpa Luer, Selbyana 7: 102, 1982. 1: 15, 1878. Byrsella belua (Koniger & D’Alessandro) Luer, comb. nov. Byrsella anomala (Luer & Sijm) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia belua Koniger & D’Alessandro, Die Bas.: Masdevallia anomala Luer & Sijm, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Orchidee 44: 142, 1993. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 227a, 2002. 8 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Byrsella bonplandii (Rchb. f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia bonplandii Rchb. f., Bonplandia 3: 69, 1855. Byrsella bourdetteana (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia bourdetteana Luer, Lindleyana 9: 103, 1994. Byrsella cacodes (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia cacodes Luer & R.Escobar, Selbyana 7: 70, 1982. Byrsella caesia (Roezl) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia caesia Roezl, L’Orchidophile 1: 599, 1881. Byrsella campyloglossa (Rchb. f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia campyloglossa Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 10: 588, 1878. Byrsella civilis (Rchb.f. & Warsz.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia civilis Rchb.f. & Warsz., Bonplandia 2: 115, 1854. Byrsella colossus (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia colossus Luer, Phytologia 39: 193, 1978. Byrsella coriacea (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia coriacea Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 15: 257, 1845. Byrsella elephanticeps (Rchb.f. & Warsz.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia elephanticeps Rchb.f. & Warsz., Bonplandia 2: 116, 1854. Byrsella foetens (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia foetens Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 13: 157, 1979. Byrsella fractiflexa (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia fractiflexa Lehm. & Kraenzl. in Woolward, The Genus Masdevallia t. 17, 1896. Byrsella fragrans (Woolward) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia fragrans Woolward, The Genus Masde¬ vallia, t. 18, 1896. Byrsella gargantua (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia gargantua Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 6: 516, 1876. Byrsella hylodes (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia hylodes Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 13: 162, 1979. Byrsella hystrix (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia hystrix Luer & Hirtz, Die Orchidee 37: 139, 1986. Byrsella lappifera (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lappifera Luer & Hirtz, Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 319a, 2002. Byrsella leontoglossa (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia leontoglossa Rchb.f., Bonplandia 3: 69, 1855. Byrsella lilianae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lilianae Luer, Lindleyana 6: 90, 1991. Byrsella macroglossa (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia macroglossa Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hambur- gensia 1: 15, 1878. Byrsella maloi (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia maloi Luer, Phytologia 39: 211,1978. Byrsella misasii (Braas) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia misasii Braas, Die Orchidee 33: 148, 1982. Byrsella mooreana (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mooreana Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 21: 408, 1884. Byrsella murex (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia murex Luer, Selbyana 7: 112, 1982. Byrsella oscarii (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia oscarii Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 13: 175, 1979. Byrsella pachyantha (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pachyantha Rchb.f., Gard, Chron. n.s., 21: 174, 1884. Byrsella pachysepala (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pachysepala (Rchb.f.) Luer, Lindleyana 9: 245, 1995. Byrsella pardina (Rchb. f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pardina Rchb. f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 15, 1878. Byrsella peristeria (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia peristeria Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 1: 500, 1874. Byrsella picea (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia picea Luer, Phytologia 44: 167, 1979. Byrsella platyglossa (Rchb. f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia platyglossa Rchb. f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 18: 552, 1882. Byrsella rigens (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia rigens Luer, Selbyana 5: 150, 1979. Byrsella sanctae-rosae (Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia sanctae-rosae Kraenzl., Bull. Misc. Inform. 102, 1925. Byrsella semiteres (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia semiteres Luer & R.Escobar, Selbyana 5: 154, 1979. Byrsella spilantha (Koniger) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia spilantha Koniger, Die Orchidee 36: 84, 1985. Byrsella sumapazensis (P.Ortiz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia sumapazensis P.Ortiz, Orquideologfa 14: 223, 1981. Byrsella torta (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia torta Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 19: 110, 1883. Byrsella velella (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia velella Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 367a, 2002. Byrsella velifera (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia velifera Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 2: 98, 1874. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 9 DIODONOPSIS Diodonopsis Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 252, 2001. Type: Masdevallia pygmaea Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 34: 92, 1925 \=Diodo- nopsis pygmaea (Kraenzl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase]. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Pygmaeia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 15, 1986. Syn.: Masdevallia subgen. Pygmaeia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10, 2000. This small taxon, presently composed of three species from Central America and the Andes, was recognized at the sectional level (Luer, 1986), and subgeneric level (Luer, 2000), It is characterized by small, caespitose plants with short rami- cauls; a slender peduncle; and densely spiculate-papillose ovaries. The flowers of two species are solitary, and the third species is successively flowered. The sepals are caudate and connate into a short tube or cup. The petals are callous along the lower half, and the lip is oblong. Although only the DNA of Masdevallia erinacea Rchb.f. was analysed (Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, 2001), M. pygmaea Kraenzl. was designated the type of the genus. When the DNA of M. pygmaea is finally sequenced, it may indicate a a change in relationships. Diodonopsis anachaeta (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 253, 2001. Bas.: Masdevallia anachaeta Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 17, 1878. Diodonopsis erinacea (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 253, 2001. Bas.: Masdevallia erinacea Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 11, 1877. Diodonopsis pygmaea (Kraenzl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 253, 2001. Bas.: Masdevallia pygmaea Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 34: 92, 1925. FISSIA Fissia (Luer) Luer, stat. et gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia picturata Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 16, 1878. Syn.: Masdevallia subgenus Fissia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10, 2000. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Fissae Rchb.f. pro parte , Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1:16, 1878. Previously recognized at the subgeneric level, this small genus of three species is characterized by a small, caespitose habit; a single-flowered peduncle; an inflated floral bract enclosing an ovary with markedly undulate lamellae; free sepals; petals callous on the labellar margin, producing a rounded process above the base, and with a sharply tridentate apex; and an oblong lip with marginal folds that divide it into an epichile and a hypochile. Fissia picturata (Rchb.f.) Luer is widely distributed in numerous variations from Central America and the Andes. In one locality in Colombia, it appears to hybridize with Spilotantha amanda (Rchb.f. & Warsz.) Luer to produce Spilotantha alvaroi (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, a presumed hybrid between the two. Fissia mutica (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mutica Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologia 13: 88, 1978. Fissia picturata (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia picturata Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 16, 1878. Fissia pleurothalloides (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pleurothalloides Luer, Selbyana 3: 218, 1976. 10 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM LUZAMA Luzama Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia amaluzae Luer & Malo, Phytologia 39: 185, 1978 [=Luzama amaluzae (Luer & Malo) Luer]. Ety.: Luzama is an anagram of Amaluza. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Amaluzae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 18, 1986. Type: Masdevallia amaluzae Luer & Malo, Phytologia 39: 185, 1978. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Aphanes Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 18, 1986 ,pro parte, excluding hoeijeri and pterygiophora. Type: Masdevallia aphanes Koniger, Die Orchidee 30: 196, 1979, Planta parvae. Racemus successiviflorus. Sepala et ovarium plus minusve papilloso-carinata. Calli petalorum non protuberantes. This Andean genus with more than 30 variable species is most concentrated in southern Ecuador. It is characterized by a small, caespitose habit with short rami- cauls, and a slender erect or prone peduncle with a single flower that is followed at intervals by a second or more flowers. The veins of the sepals are often thickened and minutely papillose at the ovary which is often ribbed, carinate, or verrucose- carinate, to nearly smooth. The sepals are connate into a short tube or cup, and with or without tails. The petals are callous along the lower half, and the lip is oblong and entire with various modifications. Although there is no distinctive feature, except for the papillae at the bases of the sepals which are not always present, the species are usually easily recognized by the few characters listed above. Its union with Masdevallia section Aphanes is suggested by DNA analyses (Abele et al., 2005). Luzama amaluzae (Luer & Malo) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia amaluzae Luer & Malo, Phytologia 39: 185, 1978. Luzama aphanes (Koniger) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia aphanes Koniger, Die Orchidee 30: 196, 1979; emend. 36: 87,1985. Luzama audax (Koniger) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia audax Koniger, Die Orchidee 37: 106, 1986. Luzama aurorae (Luer & M.W.Chase) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia aurorae Luer & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 8: 39,1993. Luzama berthae (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia berthae Luer & Andreetta, Lindleyana 4: 105, 1989. Luzama carmenensis (Luer & Malo) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia carmenensis Luer & Malo, Phytologia 39: 191, 1978. Luzama chaucae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia chaucae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 287, 2004. Luzama chimboensis (Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia chimboensis Kraenzl., Bull. Misc. Inform. 106, 1925. Luzama collantesii (D.E.Benn. & Christenson) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia collantesii D.E.Benn. & Christenson, Lindleyana 13: 55, 1998. Luzama expers (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia expers Luer & Andreetta, Lindleyana 3: 29, 1988. Luzama gemmula (Luer & V.N.M.Rao) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia gemmula Luer & V.N.M.Rao, Treasure of Masdevallia 28: ?, 2006. Luzama henniae (Luer & Dalstrom) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia henniae Luer & Dalstrom, Lindleyana 9: 108,1994. Luzama indecora (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia indecora Luer & R.Escobar, Novon 1: 170, 1991. Luzama lynniana (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lynniana Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 247, 2004. Luzama manchinazae (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia manchinazae Luer & Andreetta, Lindleyana 3: 201, 1988. Luzama mataxa (Koniger & H.Mend.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mataxa Koniger & H.Mend., Die Orchidee 44: 178, 1993. Luzama mentosa (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mentosa Luer, Phytologia 39: 212,1978. Luzama merinoi (Luer & Portilla) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia merinoi Luer & Portilla, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 151, 1999. Luzama paquishae (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia paquishae Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 3: 204,1988. Luzama patula (Luer & Malo) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia patula Luer & Malo, Phytologia 39: 220, 1978. Luzama plantaginea (Poepp. & Endl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Specklinia plantaginea Poepp. & Endl., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. 1:51, t. 89A, 1835. Luzama pyknosepala (Luer & Cloes) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pyknosepala Luer & Cloes, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83: 489,2004. Luzama sanchezii (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia sanchezii Luer & Andreetta, Phytologia 47: 68,1980. Luzama scalpellifera (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia scalpellifera Luer, Harvard Papers in Botany 2: 60, 1997. Luzama schizostigma (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia schizostigma Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. 72: 114, 1998. Luzama scopaea (Luer & R.Vdsquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia scopaea Luer & R.Vdsquez, Phytologia 55: 199, 1984. Luzama setipes (Schltr.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia setipes Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 38,1929. Luzama smallmaniana (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia smallmaniana Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 505b, 2002. Luzama strattoniana (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia strattoniana Luer & Hirtz, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 505a, 2002. Luzama trifurcata (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia trifurcata Luer, Lindleyana 11: 190, 1996. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 11 MEGEMA Megema (Luer) Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia cucullata Lindl., Orch. Lind. 4, 1846 [=Megema cucullata (Lindl.) Luer]. Ety.: From the Greek mega-, “large,” and heima , “a garment,” referring to the sheaths and bract. Syn.: Masdevallia subgenus Cucullatia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10, 2000. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Cucullatae Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 10: 72, 1878. Herbae grandes. Pedunculus teres uniflorus bractea florali grandissima cucullata. Petala camosa ad apicem singulares. This is a small Andean genus of seven species characterized by large, caespitose plants with loose, imbricating sheaths about stout ramicauls that bear thickly coria¬ ceous leaves. A single, large, durable flower is partially engulfed by a large, cu- cullate floral bract that hides the rugose ovary. The sepals are semiconnate into a rigid cup or tube. The apices of the thick petals are more or less verrucose or twist¬ ed. The lip is divided by marginal folds into an epichile and hypochile. One over¬ looked species, Megema macrura (Rchb.f.) Luer, had been hiding in Masdevallia section Coriaceae. Megema cerastes (Luer & R.Escobar), comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia cerastes Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 13:51,1978. Megema corniculata (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia corniculata Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 9: 72, 1878. Megema cucullata (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia cucullata Lindl., Orch. Lind. 4, 1846. Megema delhierroi (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia delhierroi Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 8: 42,1993. Megema hercules (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia hercules Luer & Andreetta, Lindleyana 3: 198,1988. Megema macrura (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia macrura Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 1: 240,1874. Megema vidua (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia vidua Luer & Andreetta, Lindleyana: 3: 207,1988. PETALODON Petalodon Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia collina L.O.Williams, Amer. Orchid. Soc. Bull. 11: 93, 1943. Ety.: From the Greek petalodon , “toothed petal,” referring to Syn.: Masdevallia subgen. Masdevallia sect. Dentatae (Luer) Luer. Pedunculus teres successiviflorus. Cupula sepalorum ad basim geniculata. Petala ad basim crassis- sime dentata. Labellum integrum oblongum. This is a small genus of four species from the Andes and adjacent Panama. It is distinguished by caespitose habit; a congested, successively flowered raceme borne by a terete peduncle; sepals connate into a geniculate, sepaline cup; cartilagenous petals with a basal callus that appears as a pair, or a fused pair of processes; and an entire, oblong, non-verrucose lip. Petalodon collina (L.O.Williams) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia collina L.O.Williams, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 11: 95,1942. Petalodon dryada (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia dryada Luer & R.Escobar, Lindleyana 4: 108, 1989. Petalodon macrogenia (Arango) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia collina L.O.Williams var. macrogenia Arango, Orquideologfa 11: 13, 1976. Petalodon zapatae (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia zapatae Luer & R.Escobar, Novon 1: 175, 1991. 12 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM PTEROON Pteroon Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia hoeijeri Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 1: 184, 1986 [=Pteroon hoeijeri (Luer) Luer]. Ety.: From the Greek, ptero- and odn, “winged egg,” referring to the lamellate ovary. Syn.: Masdevallia subsect. Pterygiophorae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10, 2000 . Type: Masdevallia pterygiophora Luer & R.Escobar, Lindleyana 3: 50, 1988 [=Pteroon ptery- giophora (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer]. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Aphanes Luer, pro parte , Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 18, 1986. Plantae parvae. Racemus uniflorus. Ovarium laminatum cristatum. Sepala camosa. Petala oblonga. Labellum oblongum. In habit similar to Luzama Luer, this genus contains only two small species with fleshy flowers that are distinguished by the plate-like carinae of the ovaries that overlap the bases of the sepals. Previously treated in Masvevallia subgenus Pyg- maeia section Aphanes (Luer, 2000a) [ =Luzama ], DNA analysis (Abele et al., 2005) indicates that Pteroon Luer should be excluded not only from Luzama , but also from Diodonopsis Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Pteroon is characterized by a small, caespitose habit with short ramicauls, and a slender suberect peduncle with a single flower. The ovary is broadly laminate with the laminae overlapping the bases of the sepals. The sepals are connate into a short tube with thick apices or short terete tails, and with veins thickened and sub- carinate. The petals and lip are oblong and obtuse. Pteroon hoeijeri (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia hoeijeri Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 1: 184, 1986. Pteroon pterygiophora (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pterygiophora Luer & R.Escobar, Lindleyana 3: 50,1988. REGALIA Regalia Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia dura Luer, Phytologia 39: 197, 1978 [=Regalia dura (Luer) Luer]. Ety.: From the Latin regalis , “royal,” referring to a regal status among the Pleurothallidinae. Syn.: Masdevallia subsection Durae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 23, 1986. Type: Masdevallia dura Luer, Phytologia 39: 197, 1978 [= Regalia dura (Luer) Luer]. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Durae (Luer) Luer, pro parte , Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10 , 2000 . Plantae robustae grandes. Flores camosi caudati. Petala crassissima truncata. Labellum ad basim bicavemosum. A small but remarkable Andean genus of ten species [including an exceptional one from Panama, Regalia utriculata (Luer) Luer, of smaller size and without tails of the lateral sepals], that is characterized usually by a large habit with stout rami¬ cauls and thickly coriaceous leaves. The peduncle produces in slow succession a raceme of large, rigid, fleshy, long-lasting flowers that are long-caudate. The petals are thickly cartilagenous, paddle-shaped and truncate. The lip is oblong and thick with a pair of concavities at the base. This genus appears to be allied to single- flowered Byrsella Luer. Regalia ayabacana (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia ayabacana Luer, Phytologia 39: 189, 1978. Regalia dura (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia dura Luer, Phytologia 39: 197, 1978. Regalia goliath (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia goliath Luer & Andreetta, Novon 2: 6, 1992. Regalia newmaniana (Luer & Teague) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia newmaniana Luer & Teague, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 111, 1998. Regalia panguiensis (Luer & Andreetta) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia panguiensis Luer & Andreetta, Phyto¬ logia 54: 383, 1983. Regalia princeps (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia princeps Luer, Lindleyana 9: 108, 1994. Regalia regina (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia regina Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 65: 113, 1998. Regalia robusta (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia robusta Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 72: 113, 1998. Regalia titan (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia titan Luer, Harvard Papers in Botany 9: 6, 1996. Regalia utriculata (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia utriculata Luer, Phytologia 44: 169, 1979. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 13 REICHANTHA Reichantha Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia schroederiana Sander ex Veitch, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 8: 51, 1890 [=Reichantha schroederiana (Sander ex Veitch) Luer]. Ety.: From an abbreviation of Reichenbach, noted nineteenth century authority on orchids. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Reichenbachianae Woolward, por parte , The Genus Masdevallia , sect. X, 1896. Type: Masdevallia reichenbachiana Endres ex Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 4: 1875 [= Reichantha reichenbachiana (Endres ex Rchb.f.) Luer]. Syn.: Masdevallia subsect. Reichenbachianae (Woolward) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 48, 1986. Plantae mediocres vel grandes. Pedunculus teres uni- vel pauciflorus. Petala oblonga callo sine processu. Labellum oblongum leviter bicallosum. This genus of mostly Central American species is distinguished by a caespitose habit; a single flower or a successively flowered raceme, except one with two simul¬ taneous flowers, borne by a terete peduncle; sepals long-tailed; petals callous on the lower half without a protruding process; and an entire, more or less oblong lip with a pair of often indistinct longitudinal calli on or above the middle third. Reichantha striatella is transferred here from Masdevallia sect. Polyanthae because its affinity to the other Central American species is greater than its affinity to the Andean species of section Polyantha. Two putative hybrids [Masdevallia enallax (Koniger) and M. polita (Luer)] treated in M. section Reichenbachianae (Luer, 2000b) are excluded. Reichantha calura (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia calura Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 19: 230, 1883. Reichantha chasei (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia chasei Luer, Phytologia 46: 394,1980. Reichantha cupularis (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia cupularis Rchb.f., Beitr. Orch. Centr. -Amer. 93, 1866. Reichantha demissa (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia demissa Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 2: 9, 1887. Reichantha eburnea (Luer & Maduro) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia eburnea Luer & Maduro, Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 409a, 2002. Reichantha fulvescens (Rolfe) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia fulvescens Rolfe, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 8: 325, 1890. Reichantha gloriae (Luer & Maduro) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia gloriae Luer & Maduro, Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 413a, 2002. Reichantha lankesteriana (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lankesteriana Luer, Lindleyana 10: 20, 1995. Reichantha marginella (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia marginella Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 20: 38, 1883. Reichantha mejiana (Garay) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia mejiana Garay, Orquideologfa 6: 17, 1970. Reichantha ostaurina (Luer & V.N.M.Rao) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia ostaurina Luer & V.N.M.Rao, Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 251, 2003. Reichantha reichenbachiana (Endres ex Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia reichenbachiana Endres ex Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 4: 257, 1875. Reichantha rolfeana (Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia rolfeana Kraenzl., Gard. Chron. ser. 3,9: 488, 1891. Reichantha schroederiana (Sander ex Veitch) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia schroederiana Sander ex Veitch, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, 8: 51,1890. Reichantha striatella (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia striatella Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s., 26: 103, 24 July 1886. Reichantha thienii (Dodson) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia thienii Dodson, Selbyana 2: 54,1977. Reichantha tonduzii (Woolward) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia tonduzii Woolward, Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 6: 82, 1906. Reichantha walteri (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia walteri Luer, Selbyana 5: 151,1979. 14 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM RODRIGOA Rodrigoa Braas, Die Orchidee 30: 203, 1979. Type: Masdevallia meleagris LindL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, 15: 257, 1845. Ety.; Named in honor of Rodrigo Escobar R. of Medellin, Colombia, foremost authority on the orchids of Colombia. Syn.: Masdevallia subgen. Meleagris Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 16: 51, 1986. Type: Masdevallia meleagris LindL, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, 15: 257, 1845. This genus of 12 species of the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador (with one species, Rodrigoa parvula (Schltr.) Luer, occurring also in Peru and Bolivia) was recognized by Lothar Braas in 1979. Rodrigoa Braas is distinguished from Masde¬ vallia Ruiz & Pav. by thinly coriaceous leaves that taper into a more or less condu- plicate petiole, within which the slender peduncle ascends to bear a successively few-flowered raceme. The dorsal sepal is free from the laterals that are connate basally and defiexed from a shallow cup. The petals are marginally callus without a descending process, and the lip is variable. To the genus Rodrigoa Braas the following six transfers need to be made from Masdevallia. Of the species originally included, Rodrigoa bilabiata (Kraenzl.) Braas is a synonym of Masdevallia platyglossa Rchb.f., R. cryptocopis (Kraenzl.) Braas is a synonym of Fissia picturata (Rchb.f.) Luer, and R. diversifolia (Schltr.) Braas is a synonym of R. parvula (Schltr.) Luer. Rodrigoa alexandri (Luer) Braas, Die Orchidee 33(4): 147, 1988. Bas.: Masdevallia alexandri Luer, Phytologia 46: 347, 1980. Rodrigoa anisomorpha (Garay) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia anisomorpha Garay, Orquideologfa 5: 79, 1970. Rodrigoa fasciata (Rchb.f.) Braas, Die Orchidee 30: 218, 1979. Bas.: Masdevallia fasciata Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 15(1): 202, 1881. Rodrigoa heteroptera (Rchb.f.) Braas, Die Orchidee 30: 218, 1979. Bas.: Masdevallia heteroptera Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 3(1): 590, 1875. Rodrigoa hortensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia hortensis Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideo¬ logfa 16: 154, 1984. Rodrigoa meleagris (Lindl.) Braas, Die Orchidee 30: 218, 1979. Bas.: Masdevallia meleagris Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 15: 257, 1845. Rodrigoa milagroi (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia milagroi Luer & Hirtz, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 1227, 2002. Rodrigoa pantomima (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia pantomima Luer & Hirtz, Selbyana 22: 114, 2001 . Rodrigoa parvula (Schltr.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia parvula Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 8: 49, 1921. Rodrigoa planadensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia planadensis Luer & R.Escobar, Lindleyana 3: 50, 1988. Rodrigoa segurae (Luer & R.Escobar) Braas 30: 219, 1979. Bas.: Masdevallia segurae Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 13: 100, 1978. Rodrigoa ximenae (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia ximenae Luer & Hirtz, Novon 1: 171, 1991. SPECTACULUM Spectaculum Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia racemosa Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, 15: 256, 1845 [Spectaculum racemosum (Lindl.) Luer]. Ety.: From the Latin Spectaculum , “a spectacular sight,” referring to the uniqueness of the genus with one species. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Racemosae Woolward, The Genus Masdevallia sect. IX, 1896. Planta longirepens. Racemus elongatus speciosus. Sepala in tubum connata; synsepalum expansum ecaudatum. Petala labellumque simplicia. This unispecific genus is unique in the Pleurothallidinae by virtue of the long- repent habit; coriaceous, elliptical leaves; a loose, elongating inflorescence of successive and simultaneous flowers; deeply connate sepals with the lateral sepals connate into a broadly expanded synsepal without tails; elliptical, acute petals; and a simple, oblong lip. Spectaculum racemosum (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia racemosa Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, 15: 256, 1845. W~^SSz WISi§E s Ki^r L ss;:, j§=f~—~ Uses™— ~™T#M?:;“ Bt&.^MasdevaUia Uhmannii Rchb.f., Gaid. Chron. n - s -> 8= 381 1983 Spilotantha^zygia (Luer & Male, Luer, comb. nov. r=^r±^ b cZ,;.,i : 16 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM STREPTOURA Streptoura Luer, stat. & gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia caudivolvula Kraenzl., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 128, 1922 [=Strep- toura caudivolvula (Kraenzl.) Luer]. Syn.: Masdevallia subgen. Volvula Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10, 2000. This unispecfic genus for a unique Colombian species is distinguished by a thick, rigid sepaline tube with very thick carinae along the veins within, the sepals terminating in thick, twisted, corkscrew-like tails. A very close relationship with Megema Luer is suggested by recent analyses of DNA (Abele et al. 2005). Streptoura agrees in some respects (loose cauline sheaths, single flowers, and a divided lip), but the floral bract is not cucullate and covering the ovary, the tips of the petals are tridentate, not verrucose, and the sepa¬ line carinae and twisted tails are like no others. Streptoura caudivolvula (Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia caudivolvula Kraenzl., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 128, 1922. TRIOTOSIPHON Triotosiphon Schltr. ex Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia bangii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 10: 41, 1922 [=Triotosiphon bangii (Schltr.) Luer]. Syn.: Triotosiphon Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 10: 42, 1922, nomen nudum. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Triotosiphon (Schltr.) Sweet, nomen illeg. Plantae parvae uniflorae. Sepala in tubum supra medium constrictum profunde connata. Labellum bicarinatum. This small genus of six minute, short-stemmed, single-flowered, caespitose plants are native to the northern coast of South America and the Andes at lower altitudes. The sepals are deeply connate into a tube that is more or less constricted above the middle, the petals are more or less simple, and the lip is bicallous. Triotosiphon bangii (Schltr.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia bangii Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 10:41, 1922. Triotosiphon gnoma (Sweet) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia gnoma Sweet, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 26: 41, 1978. Triotosiphon irapana (Sweet) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia irapana Sweet, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 26: 42, 1978. Triotosiphon kyphonantha (Sweet) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia kyphonantha Sweet, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 26: 44, 1978. Triotosiphon lansbergii (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia lansbergii Rchb.f., Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 4: 317, 1859. Triotosiphon venezuelana (Sweet) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia venezuelana Sweet, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 26: 47, 1978. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 17 ZAHLERIA Zahleria Luer, gen. nov. Type: Masdevallia zahlbruckneri Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 413, 1921 [=Zahl- brunia zahlbruckneri (Kraenzl.) Luer]. Ety.: From and abbreviation of Zahlbuckner, a contemporary friend of Kranzlin. Syn.: Masdevallia subsect. Zahlbrucknerae Luer, pro parte, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 10, 2000. Type: Masdevallia zahlbruckneri Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 413, 1921 [=Zahl- neria zahlbruckneri (Kraenzl.) Luer]. Syn.: Masdevallia sect. Zahlbrucknerae Luer pro parte, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 432, 2000. Plantae parvae racemosae. Sepala longicaudata in tubum connata. Petala infra callosa cum processo basali. This is a small genus of three species, previously treated as subsection Zahl¬ brucknerae of Masdevallia , is distinguished by a slender, successively flowered peduncle; long-tailed sepals connate into a tube; acute petals with a red, longitudin¬ al callus on the lower half ending in a retrorse process; and an oblong, subacute lip. Zahleria naranjapatae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia naranjapatae Luer, Selbyana 5: 375, 1978. Zahleria vieirana (Luer & R.Escobar.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia vieirana Luer & R.Escobar, Lindleyana 3: 211, 1988. Zahleria zahlbruckneri (Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia zahlbruckneri Kraenzl., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 8: 128, 1922. REFERENCES Abele, D., B. Rudolph, J. Thiede & J.G. Rohwer, 2005. Phylogeny of the genus Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. based on morphological and molecular data. 18th World Orchid Conference, Dijon, France, 111- 115. Luer, C.A., 2000a. leones Pleurothallidinarum XIX. Systematics of Masdevallia part one. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 1-264. -2000b. leones Pleurothallidinarum XXI. Systematics of Masdevallia part two. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 82: 265-518. — .2001. leones Pleurothallidinarum XXII. Systematics of Masdevallia part three. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 519-780. — --2002. leones Pleurothallidinarum XXIII. Systematics of Masdevallia part four. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 781-1047. ..2003. leones Pleurothallidinarum XXV. Systematics of Masdevallia part five. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 1049-1293. Pridgeon, A. M. & M. W. Chase, 2001. A phylogenetic reclassification of Pleurothallidinae. Lindleyana 16(4): 235-271. 18 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES Acinopetala 1, 2, 3 Acinopetala adamsii 3 arangoi 3 attenuata 3 chontalensis 3 crescenticola 3 flaveola 3 floribunda 3 geminiflora 3 gutierrezii 3 herradurae 3 laucheana 3 livingstoneana 3 minuta 3 nicaraguae 3 pescadoensis 3 scabrilinguis 3 schizopetala 3 tokachiorum 3 tubuliflora 3 wendlandiana 3 Alaticaulia 1,4 Alaticaulia acrochordonia 4 adrianae 4 aenigma 4 aguirrei 4 ametroglossa amplexa 4 anfracta 4 barrowii 4 bicolor 4 brachyantha 4 brachyura 4 brenneri 4 bryophila 4 buccinator 4 calagrasalis 4 cardiantha 4 carrolloi 4 carruthersiana 4 cinnamomea 4 cocapatae 4 concmna 4 cosmia 4 cuprea 4 curtipes 4 deceptrix 4 descendens 5 discoidea 5 don-quijote 5 dorisiae 5 draconia 5 dunstervillei 5 echo 5 empusa 5 eumeces 5 excelsior 5 fosterae 5 frilehmannii 5 garciae 5 uttulata 5 elgae 5 impostor 5 infracta 5 ingridiana 5 isos 5 jarae 5 kuhniorum 5 lata 5 lenae 5 lintricula 5 loui 5 Alaticaulia luzae-mariae 5 maculata 5 martineae 5 martiniana 5 mascarata 5 mayaycu 5 medusa 5 melanoxantha 4, 5 menatoi 5 mezae 5 monogona 5 navicularis 5 norae 5 obscurans 5 odontopetala 4, 5 omorenoi 5 oreas 5 oscitans 5 pastinata 5 patchicutzae 5 phoebe 5 phoenix 5 pinocchio 5 plynophora 5 portillae 5 posadae 5 priscilliana 6 proboscoidea 6 prolixa 6 prosartema 6 pyxis 6 receptrix 6 rechingeriana 6 recurvata 6 richardsoniana 6 rolandorum 6 sanctae-fidei 6 sanguinea 6 sceptrum 6 schlimii 6 schudelii 6 scitula 6 scobina 6 serendipita 6 semae 6 sprucei 6 stenorhynchos 6 stirpis 6 synthesis 6 telloi 6 theletira 6 torulosa 6 tovarensis 6 trochilus 6 tsubotae 6 vargasii 6 venus 6 virens 6 virgo-cuencae 6 vomeris 6 weberbaueri 6 whiteana 6 wuerstlei 6 xylina 6 zumbae 6 Buccella 1,2,7 Buccella bucculenta 7 dynastes 7 lamia 7 molossoides 7 molossus 7 nidifica 7 Buccella ophioglossa 7 strigosa 7 ventricosa 7 Byrcella 1, 2, 7, 12 Byrcella angulata 7 anomala 7 atahualpa 7 belua 7 bonplandii 8 bourdetteana 8 cacodes 8 caesia 8 campyligkossa 8 civilis 8 colossus 8 coriacea 8 elephanticeps 8 foetens 8 fractiflexa 8 fragrans 8 argantua 8 ylodes 8 lappifera 8 leontoglossa 8 lilianiae 8 macroglossa 8 maloi 8 misasii 8 mooreana 8 murex 8 oscarii 8 pachyantha 8 pachysepala 8 pardina 8 peristeria 8 picea 8 platyglossa 8 rigens 8 sanctae-rosae 8 semiteres 8 spilantha 8 sumapazensis 8 torta 8 velella 8 velifera 8 Diodonopsis 1,9, 12 anachaeta 9 erinacea 9 pygmaea 9 Fissia 1, 2, 9 mutica 9 picturata 9, 14 var. minor 9 pleurothalloides 9 Luzana 1, 2, 10, 12 amaluzae 10 aphanes 10 audax 10 aurorae 10 berthae 10 carmenensis 10 chaucae 10 chimboensis 10 collantesii 10 expers 10 gemmula 10 leniae 10 indecora 10 lynniana 10 manchinazae 10 mataxa 10 mentosa 10 SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE Luzana merinoi 10 Masdevallia cinnamomea 4 Masdevallia lenae 5 paquishae 10 civilis 8 leontoglossa 7, 8 patula 10 cocapatae 4 leptoura 15 plantaginea 10 collina 11 lilianae 8 pyknosepala 10 colossus 8 lintricula 5 sanchezii 10 concinna 4 livingstoneana 3 scaplellifera 10 corazonica 15 loui 5 schizostigma 10 coriacea 8 luziae-mariae 5 scopaea 10 cosmia 4 macroglossa 8 setipes 10 crescenticola 3 macrogenia 11 smallmaniana 10 cucullata 11 maculata 5 strattoniana 10 cuprea 4 maloi 8 trifurcata 10 cupularis 13 marginella 13 Masdevallia 1, 2, 14 curtipes 4 martineae 5 subgen. Amanda 15 dalstroemii 15 martiniana 5 subgen. C ucullatia 11 deceptrix 4 mascarata 5 subgen. Fissia 9 delphina 15 mayaycu 5 subgen. Meleagris 14 demissa 13 medusa 5 subgen. Nidificia 7 densiflora 15 mejiana 13 subgen. Polyantha 4 descendens 5 melanopus 15 subgen. Pygmaeia 9 dimorphotricha 15 melanoxantha 4, 5 subgen. Volvula 16 discoidea 5 meleagris 14 sect. Alaticaules 4 don-quijote 4 menatoi 5 sect. Amaluzae 10 dorisiae 5 mezae 5 sect. Amandae 15 draconis 5 microsiphon 15 sect. Aphanes 10, 12 dryada 11 milagroi 14 sect. Coriaceae 7, 11 dunstervillei 5 minuta 3 sect. Cucullatae 11 dura 12 misasii 8 sect. Dentatae 11 dvnastes 7 molossoides 7 sect. Durae 12 ebumea 13 molossus 7 sect. Fissia 9 echo 5 monogona 5 sect. Floribundae 3 elephanticeps 8 mooreana 8 sect. Leontoglossae 7 empusa 5 munae 5 sect. Minutae 3 enallax 13 murex 8 sect. Nidificae 7 erinacea 9 naranjapatae 16 sect. Ophioglossae 7 eumeces 5 navicularis 5 sect. Polyanthae 4, 13 excelsior 5 norae 5 sect. Polystictae 15 fasciata 14 newmanniana 12 sect. Pygmaeia 9 flaveola 3 nicaraguae 3 sect. Rasemosae 13 floribunda 3 nidifica 7 sect. Reichenbachiana 13 foetens 8 obscurans 5 sect. Triotosiphon 16 fosterae 5 odontopetala 4, 5 sect. Zahlbrucknerae 3, 16 fractiflexa 8 omorenoi 5 sub sect. Durae 12 fragrans 8 ophioglossa 7 subsect. Pterygiophora 12 frilehmannii 5 oreas 5 subsect. Reichenbachianae 13 fulvescens 13 oscarii 8 subsect. Zahlbrucknerae 16 garciae 5 oscitans 5 Masdevallia abbreviata 15 geminiflora 3 ostaurina 13 adamsii 3 gargantua 8 ova-avis 15 alexandri 14 gloriae 13 pachyantha 8 alvaroi 15 gnoma 16 pachysepala 8 amaluzae 10 goliath 12 pachyura 15 amanda 15 graminea 15 panguiensis 12 anachaeta 9 guerrieroi 5 pantomina 14 anceps 15 gutierrezii 3 pardina 8 angulata 7 guttulata 5 parvula 14 anisomorpha 14 helgae 5 pastinata 5 anomala 7 herradurae 3 patchicutzae 5 aphanes 10 heteroptera 14 peristeria 8 arangoi 3 hoeijeri 12 pescadoensis 3 atahualpa 7 hortensis 14 phoebe 5 attenuata 3 hydrae 15 phoenix 5 ayabacana 12 hylodes 8 picea 8 bangii 16 hystrix 8 picturata 9 belua 7 impostor 5 pinocchio 5 bonplandii 8 infracta 5 planadensis 14 bourdetteana 8 ingridiana 5 platyglossa 8, 14 bucculenta 7 irapana 16 pleurothalloides 9 bulbophyllopsis 15 isos 5 plynophora 5 cacodes 8 jarae 5 polita 13 caesia 8 kuhniorum 5 polysticta 15 caloptera 15 kyphonantha 16 poiphyrea 15 calura 13 lankesteriana 13 portillae 5 campyloglossa 8 lansbergii 16 posadae 5 carruthersiana 4 lappifera 8 pozoi 15 caudivolvula 16 lata 5 priscillana 6 chaetostoma 15 laucheana 3 princeps 12 chasei 13 leathersii 15 proboscoidea 6 chontalensis 3 lehmannii 15 prolixa 6 20 Masdevallia prosartema pterygiophora 12 pulcherrima 15 pygmaea 9 pyxis 6 rafaeliana 15 receptrix 6 rechingeriana 6 recurvata 6 regina 12 revoluta 6 racemosa 14 reichenbachiana 13 richardsoniana 6 rigens 8 robusta 12 rolandorum 6 rolfeana 13 sanctae-fidei 6 sanctae-rosae 8 sanguinea 6 scabrilinguis 3 sceptrum 6 schizopetala 3 schlimii 4, 6 schroederiana 13 scitula 6 scobina 6 segrex 15 segurae 14 semiteres 8 serendipita 6 semae 6 sertula 15 spilantha 8 sprucei 6 sumapazensis 8 staaliana 15 stenorhynchos 6 stirpis 6 striatella 13 strigosa 7 synthesis 6 superbiens 15 telloi 6 tentaculata 15 theleiira 6 thienii 13 titan 12 tokachiorum 3 tonduzii 13 torta 8 torulosa 6 tridens 15 trochilus 6 tsubotae 6 tubuliflora 3 utriculata 12 vargasii 6 velella 8 velifera 8 venezuelana 16 ventricosa 7 venus 6 vieirana 16 virens 6 virgo-cuencae 6 vittatula 15 vomeris 6 waited 13 weberbaueri 6 wendlandiana 3 whiteana 6 wuerstlei 6 xanthodactyla 15 ximanae 14 xylina 6 zahlbruckneri 16 zapatae 11 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Masdevallia zumbae 6 zygia 15 Megema 1,2,11,16 Megema cerastes 11 comiculata 11 cucullata 11 delhieroi 11 hercules 11 macrura 11 vidua 11 Petalodon 1,2,11 Petalodon collina 11 dryada 11 macrogenia 11 zapatae 11 Pteroon 1, 12 Pteroon hoeijeri 12 pterygiophora 12 Regalia 1,2, 12 Regalia ayabacana 12 dura 12 goliath 12 newmaniana 12 panguiensis 12 princeps 12 regina 12 robusta 12 titan 12 utriculata 12 Reichantha 1, 2, 3, 13 Reichantha calura 13 chasei 13 cupularis 13 demissa 13 ebumea 13 fulvescens 13 gloriae 13 lankesteriana 13 marginella 13 mejiana 13 ostaurina 13 reichenbachiana 13 rolfeana 13 schroederiana 13 striatella 13 thienii 13 tonduzii 13 waited 13 Rodrigoa 14 Rodrigoa alexandri 14 anisomorpha 14 bilabiata 14 cryptocopis 14 diversifolia 14 fasciata 14 heteroptera 14 hortensis 14 meleagris 14 milagroi 14 pantomina 14 parvula 14 planadensis 14 segurae 14 xemenae 14 Spectaculum 1,14 Spectaculum racemosum 14 Spilotantha 1, 2, 7, 15 Spilotantha abbreviata 15 alvaroi 9, 15 amanda 9, 15 anceps 15 bulbophyllopsis 15 caloptera 15 chaetostoma 15 corazonica 15 dalstroemii 15 delphina 15 densiflora 15 dimorphotricha 15 Spilotantha graminea 15 hydrae 15 leathersii 15 lehmannii 15 leptoura 15 melanopus 15 microsiphon 15 ova-avis 15 pachyura 15 polysticta 15 porphyrea 15 pozoi 15 pulcherrima 15 rafaeliana 15 segrex 15 sertula 15 staaliana 15 superbiens 15 tentaculata 15 tridens 15 vittatula 15 xanthodactyla 15 zygia 15 Streptoura 1,2,16 Streptoura caudivolvula 16 Triotosiphon 1, 16 Triotosiphon bangii 16 gnoma 16 irapana 16 kyphonantha 16 lansbergii 16 venezuelana 16 Zahleria 1,2, 16 Zahleria naranj apatae 16 vieirana 16 zahlbrucknerae 16 SYSTEMATICS OF SPECKLINIA LINDL. AND VEGETATIVELY SIMILAR GENERA (ORCHIDACEAE) 21 ABSTRACT A dismemberment of the large, polyphyletic genus Specklinia Lindl., as previously conceived, is proposed with recognition of ten new genera. Because of vegetative similarity, their identification will require familiarity of the inflorescence and floral parts. All vegetatively similar genera and species, encompassing 23 genera, from north of southern Brazil and adjacent lands, are described and illustrated with black and white drawings, and a master key to all the vegetatively similar species is given. New genera: Dondodia Luer Gerardoa Luer Incaea Luer Lomax Luer Muscarella Luer Panmorphia Luer Ronaldella Luer Sarcinula Luer Sylphia Luer Tridelta Luer New species: Muscarella rojohnii Luer Muscarella werneri Luer Muscarella xyloura Luer & Hirtz Specklinia ordinata Luer & Dodson Specklinia pectinifera Luer & Hirtz New combinations: Dondodia erosa (Garay) Luer Gerardoa montezumae (Luer) Luer Incaea yupanki (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer Lomax punctulata (Rchb.f.) Luer Muscarella ancora (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer Muscarella aristata (Hook.) Luer Muscarella catoxys (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella cestrochila (Garay) Luer Muscarella claviculata (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella clavigera (Luer) Luer Muscarella coeloglossa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella corynetes (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer Muscarella cynocephala (Luer) Luer Muscarella delicatula (Lindl.) Luer Muscarella echinodes (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer Muscarella exesilabia (A.H.Heller & A.D. Hawkes) Luer Muscarella fimbriata (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer Muscarella fuchsii (Luer) Luer Muscarella furcatipetala (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella gongylodes (Luer) Luer Muscarella helenae (Fawc. & Rendle) Luer Muscarella herpestes (Luer) Luer Muscarella ichthyonekys (Luer) Luer Muscarella infinita (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella intonsa (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer Muscarella kennedyi (Luer) Luer Muscarella latilabris (Foldats) Luer Muscarella lipothrix (Luer) Luer Muscarella llamachoi (Luer) Luer Muscarella longilabris (Lindl.) Luer Muscarella macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Luer Muscarella marginata (Rich.) Luer Muscarella megalops (Luer) Luer Muscarella oblonga (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella perangusta (Luer) Luer Muscarella quinquiseta (Ames) Luer Muscarella samacensis (Ames) Luer Muscarella schudelii (Luer) Luer Muscarella semperflorens (Lindl.) Luer Muscarella sibatensis (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer Muscarella strumosa (Ames) Luer Muscarella stumpflei (Luer) Luer Muscarella tamboensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer Muscarella tempestalis (Luer) Luer Muscarella trullifera (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella tsubotae (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer Muscarella villosilabia (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Muscarella xanthella (Luer) Luer Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer Pabstiella parvifolia (Rchb.f.) Luer Pabstiella tripterantha (Rchb.f.) Luer Panmorphia abbreviata (Schltr.) Luer Panmorphia adenochila (Loefgr.) Luer Panmorphia angulosa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer Panmorphia brevipes (H.Focke) Luer Panmorphia burzlaffiana (Luer & Sijm) Luer Panmorphia casualis (Ames) Luer Panmorphia caudatipetala (C.Schweinf.) Luer Panmorphia ciliolata (Schltr.) Luer Panmorphia clandestina (Lindl.) Luer Panmorphia comayaguensis (Ames) Luer Panmorphia corticicola (Schltr. ex Hoehne) Luer Panmorphia cuspidata (Luer) Luer Panmorphia dalessandroi (Luer) Luer Panmorphia duplooyi (Luer & Sayers) Luer Panmorphia endresii (Luer) Luer Panmorphia escalarenis (Carnevali & Luer) Luer Panmorphia fastigiata (Luer & Toscano) Luer Panmorphia fractiflexa (Ames & C.Scweinf.) Luer Panmorphia francesiana (Luer) Luer Panmorphia funerea (Barb.Rodr.) Luer Panmorphia gehrtii (Hoehne & Schltr.) Luer Panmorphia githaginea (Pabst & Garay) Luer Panmorphia grayumii (Luer) Luer Panmorphia haberi (Luer) Luer Panmorphia helmutii (Hoehne) Luer Panmorphia herpethophyton (Schltr.) Luer Panmorphia holstii (Carnevali & I.Ramirez) Luer Panmorphia humilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer Panmorphia imberbis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Panmorphia inversa (Luer) Luer Panmorphia involuta (L.O.Williams) Luer Panmorphia iota (Luer) Luer Panmorphia jamaicensis (Rolfe) Luer 22 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Panmorphia kautskyi (Pabst) Luer Panmorphia kleinii (Pabst) Luer Panmorphia kuhniae (Luer) Luer Panmorphia laciniata (Barb.Rodr.) Luer Panmorphia lasioglossa (Schltr.) Luer Panmorphia lewisiae (Ames) Luer Panmorphia lichenophila (C.Porto & Brade) Luer Panmorphia limbata (Cogn.) Luer Panmorphia lobiserrata (Barb.Rodr.) Luer Panmorphia mazei (Cogn.) Luer Panmorphia megalophora (Luer) Luer Panmorphia microblephara (Schltr.) Luer Panmorphia microphyta (Barb.Rodr.) Luer Panmorphia millipeda (Luer) Luer Panmorphia minima (C.Schweinf.) Luer Pammorphia minutalis (Lindl.) Luer Panmorphia muricaudata (Luer) Luer Panmorphia nanifolia (Foldats) Luer Panmorphia oblanceolata (L.O.Williams) Luer Panmorphia pachyphyta (Luer) Luer Panmorphia paranaensis (Schltr.) Luer Panmorphia paranapiacabensis (Hoehne) Luer Panmorphia petropolitana (Hoehne) Luer Panmorphia peroupavae (Hoehne & Brade) Luer Panmorphia polygonoides (Griseb.) Luer Panmorphia rabei (Foldats) Luer Panmorphia recurvipetala (Barb.Rodr.) Luer Panmorphia reedii (Luer & Toscano) Luer Panmorphia reptilis (Luer & Dalstrom) Luer Panmorphia ricii (Luer & Vasquez) Luer Panmorphia rubrolimbata (Hoehne) Luer Panmorphia rudolfii (Pabst) Luer Panmorphia sanchezii (Luer & Hirtz) Luer Panmorphia seriata (Lindl.), Luer Panmorphia sertularioides (Sw.) Luer Panmorphia steinbuchiae (Carnevali & G.A.Romero) Luer Panmorphia tigridens (Loefgr.) Luer Panmorphia vitorinoi (Luer & Toscano) Luer Panmorphia welteri (Pabst) Luer Phloeophila oricola (H.Stenzel) Luer Ronaldella aryter (Luer) Luer Ronaldella determannii (Luer) Luer Sarcinula acanthodes (Luer) Luer Sarcinula acicularis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer Sarcinula acrisepala (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer Sarcinula alexii (A.H.Heller) Luer Sarcinula areldii (Luer) Luer Sarcinula barbae (Schltr.) Luer Sarcinula brighamella (Luer) Luer Sarcinula brighamii (S.Watson) Luer Sarcinula calderae (Luer) Luer Sarcinula chontalensis (A.H.Heller & A.D.Hawkes) Luer Sarcinula condylata (Luer) Luer Sarcinula coronula (Luer) Luer Sarcinula cycesis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer Sarcinula displosa (Luer) Luer Sarcinula corniculata (Sw.) Luer Sarcinula exilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer Sarcinula fulgens (Rchb.f.) Luer Sarcinula glandulosa (Ames) Luer Sarcinula guanacastensis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer Sarcinula leptantha (Schltr.) Luer Sarcinula psichion (Luer) Luer Sarcinula purpurella (Luer) Luer Sarcinula scolopax (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer Sarcinula simmleriana (Rendle) Luer Sarcinula striata (H.Focke) Luer Sylphia cabellensis (Rchb.f.) Luer Sylphia cactantha (Luer) Luer Sylphia fuegii (Rchb.f.) Luer Sylphia turrialbae (Luer) Luer Tribulago blancoi (Pupulin) Luer Tridelta aurantiaca (Dod) Luer SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 23 SPECKLINIA AND VEGETATIVELY SIMILAR TAXA Among the more than 3,000 species of pleurothallids, hundreds of small species characterized by ramicauls shorter than the leaves, are a baffling lot from numerous origins, both recent and ancient. Those species with one or more distinctly differ¬ ent, recognizable, floral morphological characters in common are easily separated into respective groups called genera (i.e. Brachionidium Lind., Stelis Sw., etc.), but all the rest are so similar vegetatively that most fell into the grand category called Pleurothallis sensu lato, then, Specklinia Lindl. BINOMIALS ATTRIBUTABLE TO SPECKLINIA AND VEGETATIVELY SIMILAR TAXA (species by alphabet, excluding Brazil) Panmorphia abbreviata (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 100. Sarcinula acanthodes (Luer) Luer.Fig. 154. Sarcinula acicularis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 155. Sarcinula acrisepala (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 156. Sarcinula alexii (A.H.Heller) Luer.Fig. 157. Specklinia alta (Luer) Luer.Fig. 1. Muscarella ancora (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer.Fig. 48. Panmorphia angulosa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 101. Sarcinula areldii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 158. Muscarella aristata (Hook.) Luer.Fig. 49. Ronaldella aryter (Luer) Luer.Fig. 152a, 152b. Tridelta aurantiaca (Dod) Luer.Fig. 184. Sarcinula barbae (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 159. Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 102a, 102b. Tribulago blancoi (Pupulin) Luer.Fig. 183. Panmorphia brevipes (H.Focke) Luer.Fig. 103. Sarcinula brighamella (Luer) Luer.Fig. 160. Sarcinula brighamii (S.Watson) Luer.Fig. 161. Panmorphia burzlaffiana (Luer & Sijm) Luer.Fig. 104. Sylphia cabellensis (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 179. Sylphia cactantha (Luer) Luer.Fig. 180. Sarcinula calderae (Luer) Luer.Fig. 162. Specklinia calyptrostele (Schltr.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 2. Panmorphia casualis (Ames) Luer.Fig. 105. Muscarella catoxys (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 50. Panmorphia caudatipetala (C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 106. Proctoria caymanensis (C.D.Adams) Luer.Fig. 151. Muscarella cestrochila (Garay) Luer.Fig. 51. Sarcinula chontalensis (A.H.Heller & A.D.Hawkes) Luer.Fig. 163. Specklinia ciliifera (Luer) Luer.Fig. 3. Panmorphia clandestina (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 107. Muscarella claviculata (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 52. Muscarella clavigera (Luer) Luer.Fig. 53. Muscarella coeloglossa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 54. Panmorphia comayaguensis (Ames) Luer.Fig. 108. Sarcinula condylata (Luer) Luer.Fig. 164. Sarcinula corniculata (Sw.) Luer.Fig. 165. Sarcinula coronula (Luer) Luer.Fig. 166. Muscarella corynetes (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer.Fig. 55. Specklinia costaricensis (Rolfe) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 4. Specklinia curtisii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 5. Panmorphia cuspidata (Luer) Luer.Fig. 109. Sarcinula cycesis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 167. Muscarella cynocephala (Luer) Luer.Fig. 56. 24 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Panmorphia dalessandroi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 110. Muscarella delicatula (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 57. Ronaldella determannii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 153. Specklinia digitalis (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 6. Sarcinula displosa (Luer) Luer.Fig. 168. Specklinia dodii (Garay) Luer.Fig. 7. Areldia dressleri (Luer) Luer.leones III, Plate. 16. Panmorphia duplooyi (Luer & Sayers) Luer.Fig. 111. Muscarella echinodes (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 58. Atopoglossum ekmanii (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 40. Panmorphia endresii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 112. Dondodia erosa (Garay) Luer.Fig. 42. Panmorphia escalarenis (Camevali & Luer) Luer.Fig. 113. Atopoglossum excentricum (Luer) Luer.Fig. 41. Muscarella exesilabia (A.H.Heller & A.D.Hawkes) Luer.Fig. 59. Sarcinula exilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 169. Specklinia feuilletii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 8. Muscarella fimbriata (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 60. Specklinia flosculifera (Luer) Luer.Fig. 9. Specklinia formondii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 10. Panmorphia fractiflexa (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 114. Panmorphia francesiana (Luer) Luer.Fig. 115. Muscarella fuchsii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 61. Sylphia fuegii (Rchb.f.) Solano & Soto Arenas.Fig. 181a, 181b. Sarcinula fulgens (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 170. Panmorphia funerea (Barb.Rodr.) Luer.Fig. 116a, 116b. Muscarella furcatipetala (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 62. Sarcinula glandulosa (Ames) Luer.Fig. 171. Muscarella gongylodes (Luer) Luer.Fig. 63. Specklinia gracillima (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 11. Panmorphia grayumii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 117. Specklinia grisebachiana (Cogn.) Luer.Fig. 12a, 12b. Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros.Fig. 13. Sarcinula guanacastensis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 172. Panmorphia haberi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 118. Muscarella helenae (Fawc. & Rendle) Luer.Fig. 64. Muscarella herpestes (Luer) Luer.Fig. 65. Panmorphia herpethophyton (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 119. Panmorphia holstii (Carnevali & I.Rarmrez) Luer.Fig. 120. Panmorphia humilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 121. Muscarella ichthyonekys (Luer) Luer.Fig. 66. Panmorphia imberbis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 122a, 122b. Muscarella infinita (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 67. Muscarella intonsa (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 68. Panmorphia inversa (Luer) Luer.Fig. 123. Panmorphia involuta (L.O.Williams) Luer.Fig. 124. Panmorphia iota (Luer) Luer.Fig. 125. Panmorphia jamaicensis (Rolfe) Luer.Fig. 126. Specklinia jesupii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 14. Chamelophyton kegelii (Rchb.f.) Garay.leones I, Plate 5. Muscarella kennedyi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 69. Madisonia kerrii (Braga) Luer.Fig. 46. Panmorphia kuhniae (Luer) Luer.Fig. 127. Specklinia lanceola (Sw.) Lindl.Fig. 15a, fig. 15b. Panmorphia lasioglossa (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 128. Muscarella latilabris (Foldats) Luer.Fig. 70. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 25 Sarcinula leptantha (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 173. Panmorphia lewisiae (Ames) Luer.Fig. 129. Specklinia lichenicola (Griseb.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 16. Muscarella lipothrix (Luer) Luer.Fig. 71. Muscarella llamachoi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 72. Muscarella longilabris (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 73. Masdevalliantha longiserpens (C.Schweinf.) Szlach. & Marg.Fig. 47. Specklinia luis-diegoi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 17. Muscarella macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 74. Xenosia macrorhiza (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 185. Muscarella marginata (Rich.) Luer.Fig. 75. Masdevalliantha masdevalliopsis (Luer) Szlach. & Marg.leones III, Plate 20. Panmorphia mazei (Cogn.) Luer.Fig. 130. Panmorphia megalophora (Luer) Luer.Fig. 131. Muscarella megalops (Luer) Luer.Fig. 76. Specklinia microphylla (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 18. Panmorphia millipeda (Luer) Luer.Fig. 132. Panmorphia minima (C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 133. Specklinia minuta (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 19. Panmorphia minutalis (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 134. Specklinia mitchellii (Dod) Luer.Fig. 20. Gerardoa montezumae (Luer) Luer.Fig. 44. Specklinia morganii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 21. Specklinia mornicola (Mansf.) Luer.Fig. 22. Specklinia mucronata (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 23. Panmorphia muricaudata (Luer) Luer.Fig. 135a, 135b. Panmorphia nanifolia (Foldats) Luer.Fig. 136. Specklinia napintzae (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 24. Phloeophila nummularia (Rchb.f.) Garay.Fig. 147a, 147b, 148c. Panmorphia oblanceolata (L.O.Williams) Luer.Fig. 137. Specklinia obliquipetala (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 25. Muscarella oblonga (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 77. Andreettaea ocella (Luer) Luer.Icones-III, Plate 11. Specklinia ordinata Luer & Dodson.Fig. 26. Phloeophila oricola (H.Stenzel) Luer.Fig. 148. Panmorphia pachyphyta (Luer) Luer.Fig. 138. Pabstiella parvifolia (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 97. Specklinia pectinifera Luer & Hirtz.Fig. 27. Phloeophila peperomioides (Ames) Luer.Fig. 149. Muscarella perangusta (Luer) Luer.Fig. 78. Specklinia picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 28. Specklinia pisinna (Luer) Solano & Soto Arenas.Fig. 29. Panmorphia polygonoides (Griseb.) Luer.Fig. 139. Specklinia producta (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 30. Sarcinula psichion (Luer) Luer.Fig. 174. Lomax punctulata (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 45. Sarcinula purpurella (Luer) Luer.Fig. 175. Muscarella quinquiseta (Ames) Luer.Fig. 79. Panmorphia rabei (Foldats) Luer.Fig. 140a, 140b. Specklinia recula (Luer) Luer.Fig. 31. Panmorphia reptilis (Luer & Dalstrom) Luer.Fig. 141. Panmorphia ricii (Luer & Vasquez) Luer.Fig. 142. Muscarella rojohnii Luer.Fig. 80. Rubellia rubella (Luer) Luer.Icones-III, Plate 37. Muscarella samacensis (Ames) Luer.Fig. 81a, 81b. Panmorphia sanchezii (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 143. 26 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Specklinia schaferi (Ames) Luer.Fig. 32a, 32b. Muscarella schudelii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 82. Sarcinula scolopax (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 176. Specklinia segregatifolia (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Solano & Soto Arenas.Fig. 33. Muscarella semperflorens (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 83. Panmorphia seriata (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 144. Panmorphia sertularioides (Sw.) Luer.Fig. 145. Muscarella sibatensis (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer.Fig. 84. Sarcinula simmleriana (Rendle) Luer.Fig. 177. Specklinia simpliciflora (Dod) Luer.Fig. 34. Muscarella strumosa (Ames) Luer ..Fig. 85. Specklinia spiculifera (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 36a, 36b. Panmorphia steinbuchiae (Camevali & G. A.Romero) Luer.Fig. 146. Specklinia stillsonii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 36. Sarcinula striata (H.Focke) Luer.Fig. 178. Muscarella stumpflei (Luer) Luer.Fig. 86a. 86b. Muscarella tamboensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 87. Muscarella tempestalis (Luer) Luer.Fig. 88. Tribulago tribuloides (Rchb.f.) Luer.leones III, Plate 48. Specklinia trichyphis (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 37. Pabstiella tripterantha (Rchb.f.) Luer.leones III, Plate 49. and Fig. 98a, 98b. Muscarella trullifera (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 89a, 89b. Muscarella tsubotae (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 90. Sylphia turrialbae (Luer) Luer.Fig. 182. Phloeophila Ursula (Luer) Luer.Fig. 150. Lueranthos vestigipetalus (Luer) Szlach. & Marg.leones III, Plate 9. Muscarella villosilabia (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 91. Muscarella werneri Luer.Fig. 92. Specklinia wrightii (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 38. Muscarella xanthella (Luer) Luer.Fig. 93. Xenosia xenion (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.leones III, Plate 52. Muscarella xyloura Luer & Hirtz.Fig. 94. Pabstiella yauaperyensis (Barb.Rodr.) F.Barros.Fig. 99. Specklinia yucatanensis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase.Fig. 39. Incaea yupanki (Luer & Vasquez) Luer.Fig. 43. Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 95a, 95b, 95c. KEY TO THE SPECIES VEGETATIVELY SIMILAR TO SPECKLINIA, excluding species endemic in Brazil. For identification, the species are separated by the most obvious, physical features into five groups: group one is distinctly repent (plants usually repent are sometimes also shortly repent to appear caespitose, depending on local conditions); the very shortly repent to caespitose species are separated into four groups: group two with a single flower, or a single flower followed by a second; group three with fasciculated pedicels at the summit of the peduncle. The loosely racemose species are divided into the final two groups. Group four contains species with entire petals, and group five, species with distinctly denticulate or fringed petals. Species with simply ciliated or microscopically serrated petals are in group four. Although many closely related species are brought together, some not closely related but morphologically similar species appear together. Some closely related species are found in different groups, i.e. fringed petals (Muscarella) occur in groups one, two, three and five. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 27 Key to groups One through Five 1 Plant distinctly repent.One I’ Plant very shortly repent to caespitose.2 2 Inflorescence 1-flowered, or successively 2-flowered.Two 2’ Inflorescence racemose.3 3 Raceme contracted into a fascicle of peduncles at the tip of the peduncle.Three 3’ Raceme not contracted into a fascicle.4 4 Petals entire, ciliate, or pubescent.Four 4’ Petals denticulate, fringed, or serrated.Five Key to the genera and species Group ONE: PLANTS REPENT 1 Leaves subcircular to broadly elliptical, more or less prostrate.2 1 ’ Leaves elliptical to linear, more or less erect.25 2 Leaves verrucose or rugose.3 2’ Leaves smooth, or very slightly verrucose.8 3 Sepals glabrous.4 3’ Sepals pubescent.5 4 Leaves minute, 2-4 mm long. Areldia dressleri 4’ Leaves larger, 7-12 mm long. Chamelophyton kegelii 5 Peduncle longer than the leaf. Phloeophila nummularia 5’ Peduncle shorter than the leaf.6 6 Lip oblong without lateral lobes. Phloeophila peperomioides 6’ Lip with obtuse lateral lobes below the middle.7 7 Sepals densely pubescent. Phloeophila Ursula 7’ Sepals verrucose, not pubescent. Phloeophila oricola 8 Peduncle longer than the leaf.9 8’ Peduncle shorter than the leaf.13 9 Peduncle many times longer than the leaf; lateral sepals forming a deep mentum with the column foot. Madisonia kerrii 9’ Not with the above.10 10 Lateral sepals connate to near the apex.11 10’ Lateral sepals free from above the base.12 11 Lip without basal lobules; column-foot with pair of rounded calli. . Specklinia microphylla 11’ Lip with basal lobules; column-foot without pair of calli. . Panmorphia steinbuchiae 12 Raceme 2-flowered; lip entire. Specklinia calyptrostele 12’ Raceme few-flowered; lip ciliate, bilobulate at the base. . Panmorphia duplooyi 28 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 13 Lip obcuneate, without lobes.14 13’ Lip not obcuneate.16 14 Inflorescence pendent. Ronaldella ary ter 14’ Inflorescence erect.15 15 Lip with a conical, basal callus. .....Ronaldella determannii 15’ Lip without a basal callus. Ronaldella aryter 16 Lip long-ciliate, without lateral lobes.17 16’ Lip not long-ciliate.18 17 Petals broad, obtuse; lip with slender cilia. Panmorphia comayagensis 17’ Petals narrowly acuminate; lip with thick cilia. Panmorphia clandestina 18 Lip narrowly oblong, with or without indistinct lobes.19 18’ Lip with small but distinct, lateral lobes or angles.21 19 Lateral sepals connate. Panmorphia steinbuchiae 19’ Lateral sepals free.20 20 Petals elliptical, subacute. Panmorphia nanifolia 20’ Petals narrowly triangular, acute. Panmorphia holstii 21 Lip spathulate, broadly rounded above the middle. Panmorphia burzlaffiana 21’ Lip oblong-ovate, acute to round at the apex.22 22 Lip with longitudinal carinae, triangular above the middle, acute. . Panmorphia reptilis 22’ Lip shallowly sulcate, subacute to round at the apex.23 23 Floral bracts minutely spiculate; lip minutely pubescent. Panmorphia lewisiae 23’ Floral bracts glabrous; lip glabrous.24 24 Petals narrowly acute; lateral sepals nearly free. Panmorphia polygonoides 24’ Petals broadly obtuse; lateral sepal connate to above the middle... Incaea upanki 25 Peduncle as long as, or longer than the leaf.26 25’ Peduncle shorter than the leaf, but the raceme often surpasses the leaf.35 26 Raceme congested with imbricating floral bracts at the apex of the peduncle...27 26’ Raceme not congested with imbricating floral bracts.28 27 Lip 1.5 mm long, oblong with dilated margins. Specklinia flosculifera 27’ Lip 4 mm long, broadly elliptical. Specklinia luis-diegoi 28 Raceme congested, the exposed rachis between floral bracts shorter than the floral bracts and pedicels. Panmorphia involuta 28’ Raceme lax, the exposed rachis between floral bracts much longer than the pedicels.29 29 Raceme simultaneously 2-flowered. 29’ Raceme successively 2- to 4-flowered Specklinia calyptrostele .30 SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 29 30 Rhizome slender, markedly elongate; leaves markedly slender. . Specklinia spiculifera 30’ Rhizome not markedly elongate.31 31 Column-foot with a pair of rounded calli. Specklinia morganii 31* Column-foot smooth, without a pair of rounded calli.32 32 Petals narrowly obovate-spathulate. Specklinia calyptrostele 32’ Petals narrowly triangular-ovate.33 33 Lip with low, lateral lobes below the middle. Panmorphia sertularioides 33’ Lip entire, without lateral lobes.34 34 Inflorescence shorter than the leaves; lip oblong, acute at the apex. . Panmorphia minutalis 34’ Inflorescence longer than the leaves; lip rounded at the apex. . Specklinia yucatanensis 35 Lip with a central cavity.36 35’ Lip without a central cavity.37 36 Sepals caudate. Xenosia xenion 36’ Sepals not caudate. Xenosia macrorhiza 37 Rhizome 1-3 cm long between ramicauls.38 37’ Rhizome less than 1 cm long between ramicauls.39 38 Raceme eventually surpassing the leaf. Specklinia ordinata 38’ Raceme shorter than the leaf. Panmorphia lasioglossa 39 Lip oblong, acute, neither with lobes nor dilated below the middle.40 39’ Lip with lobes or dilated below the middle.41 40 Lip rigid without incurved sides. Panmorphia minutalis 40’ Lip thin with sides clasping the column. Lueranthos vestigipetalus 41 Raceme elongate, eventually surpassing the leaf.42 41’ Raceme much shorter than the leaf.43 42 Rachis markedly flexuous; lip ciliate, round at the ap qx... .Panmorphia angulosa 42’ Rachis subflexuous; lip glabrous, acute. Specklinia napintzae 43 Lip ciliate, slightly dilated below the middle.44 43’ Lip with a lobe or a small angle below the middle, not ciliate.45 44 Lip narrowly acute, not serrate. Panmorphia herpethophyton 44’ Lip obtuse, serrate, apiculate. Panmorphia endresii 45 Floral bracts glandular. Panmorphia pachyphyta 45 Floral bracts glabrous.46 46 Lip with anterior lobe verrucose. Atopoglossum excentricum 46’ Lip with anterior lobe smooth.47 47 Lip acute, about 0.5 cm wide, 47’ Lip obtuse, about 1 cm wide. Panmorphia oblanceolata . Panmorphia iota 30 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Group TWO: PEDUNCLE SINGLE-FLOWERED , or sometimes followed by a second flower This is an artificial key of unrelated, pleurothallid species that are identified by an inflorescence reduced to a single flower that in some species is followed by a second flower. Some single-flowered species will be found in Group One, the repent species, and not herein. 1 Plant large; leaf 2-3 cm wide, abruptly petiolate. Gerardoa montezumae V Plant not large; leaf less than 2 cm wide.2 2 Leaves minutely denticulate (frequently seen in Hispaniola).3 T Leaves with margins smooth.6 3 Dorsal sepal connate half the length to a concave synsepal. Tridelta aurantiaca 3’ Dorsal sepal shortly connate at the base.4 4 Dorsal sepal connate to the synsepal at the tip; lip broadly ovate, verrucose. . Dondodia erosa 4’ Dorsal sepal free at the apex; lip oblong, ciliate.5 5 Leaf broadly elliptical, 5-8 mm long; ramicaul 1-2 mm Ion g..Specklinia stillsonii 5’ Leaf elliptical, 10-20 mm long; ramicaul 3-5 mm long. Specklinia dodii 6 Sepals acuminate into filiform tails; ovary papillose. Sylphia turrialbae 6’ Sepals acute to obtuse without tails.7 7 Peduncle 3-4 cm long; pedicel 0.5-1 cm long. Sarcinula corniculata T Peduncle less than 5 mm long.8 8 Leaf linear, to 4 cm long; pedicel 7-14 mm long. Sarcinula psichion 8’ Leaf elliptical; pedicel less than 5 mm long.9 9 Ovary densely papillose. Tribulago blancoi 9’ Ovary not densely papillose.10 10 Lip denticulate. Specklinia mornicola 10’ Lip smooth.11 11 Petals acute with labellar margin dilated. Specklinia obliquipetala 1L Petals obtuse, obovate.12 12 Lip with the apex thick; column-foot with a pair of prominent, rounded calli. . Specklinia wrightii 12’ Lip with the apex round, decurved; column-foot with a pair of obscure calli. . Specklinia lichenicola Group THREE: PLANT CAESPITOSE Inflorescence a fascicle of pedicels at the tip of the peduncle 1 Petals denticulate, fringed, or serrated.2 L Petals entire, cilliate or pubescent.8 2 Sepals tailless with the dorsal sepal elliptical.3 2’ Sepals narrowly acute or caudate.4 3 Lip thickly verrucose without a callus. Muscarella xanthella 3’ Lip thin with a “sun-dial” callus. Panmorphia barbulata SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 31 4 Sepals with tails shorter than the blade.5 4’ Sepals with tails as long as, or longer than the blade.6 5 Lip with lobes erect, obtuse. Muscarella semperflorens 5’ Lip with lobes low, longitudinal. Muscarella fuchsii 6 Sepals long-caudate, clavate. Muscarella clavigera 6’ Sepals not clavate, long-caudate.7 7 Lip long-fringed, with sides not revolute. Muscarella marginata 7’ Lip minutely denticulate, with the sides revolute. Muscarella strumosa 8 Habit large; leaf 1.5-3 cm wide.9 8’ Habit small; leafless than 1 cm wide.10 9 Lip with acute, lateral lobes. Sarcinula fulgens 9’ Lip with low, obtuse, marginal angles. Sarcinula guanacastensis 10 Sepals spiculate.11 10’ Sepals not spiculate.14 11 Sepals spiculate internally, smooth externally. Sarcinila acicularis IT Sepals spiculate externally.12 12 Sepals obtuse with thick, apical margins. Sarcinula acanthodes 12’ Sepals acute.13 13 Peduncle spiculate; lip entire. Sylphia cactantha 13’ Peduncle smooth; lip denticulate..... Sarcinula coronula 14 Petals oblong to elliptic-ovate, or obovate.15 14’ Petals obliquely elliptical, more or less dilated on the lower margin.24 15 Lip channeled between longitudinal calli.16 15’ Lip not longitudinally channeled.20 16 Lip obovate, shallowly channeled; column with descending, oblong wings, the foot with a pair of round calli. Sarcinula cycesis 16’ Lip oblong to ovate, deeply channeled; column-foot without calli.17 17 Petals minutely ciliate.18 17’ Petals glabrous.19 18 Peduncle much longer than the leaf. Panmorphia duplooyi 18’ Peduncle shorter to about as long as the leaf. Panmorphia barbulata 19 Petals narrowed above obtuse, marginal angles near the middle. . Panmorphia haberi 19’ Petals very narrowly linear. Specklinia ciliifera 20 Leaf subcircular; lip not channeled. Pabstiella parvifolia 20’ Leaf elliptical.21 32 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 22 Lip simple, elliptical; column without large wings. Specklinia trichyphis 22’ Lip bicallous.23 23 Lip with a pair of central calli; column with conspicuous, triangular wings. . Specklinia recula 23’ Lip channeled; column without conspicuous wings.24 24 Flower non-resupinate; petals half as long as the sepals. Panmorphia inversa 24’ Flower resupinate; petals nearly as long as the sepals. Panmorphia imberbis 25 Peduncle glandular.26 25’ Peduncle smooth.27 26 Leaves 2-3 mm wide. Sarcinula glandulosa 26’ Leaves 6-9 mm wide. Sarcinula chontalensis 27 Dorsal sepal with the apex held lightly by the tips of the synsepal . Sarcinula alexii 27’ Dorsal sepal free from the synsepal.28 28 Sepals narrowly linear, dorsal sepal 15-20 mm long, 2 mm wide. . Sarcinula scolopax 28’ Sepals not narrowly linear.29 29 Dorsal sepal narrowly oblong, obtuse; petals and lip proportionately small. . Sarcinula calderi 29’ Dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute to subacute.30 30 Sepals more or less fleshy, 12-15 mm long.31 30’ Sepals more or less membranous, 2.5-8 mm long.32 31 Sepals subacute; lip obovate, widest toward a more or less recurved apex. . Sarcinula condylata 31’ Sepals acute; lip oblong. Sarcinula areldii 32 Synsepal with the sides revolute above the middle; lip broadly oblong with a basal cavity. Sarcinula barbae 32’ Synsepal with the sides not revolute; lip without a basal cavity.33 33 Lip with verrucose calli, with the marginal angles denticulate, lobe-like. . Sarcinula acrisepala 33’ Lip with the disc smooth or microscopically verrucose, with the marginal angles low, obtuse.34 34 Column-foot channeled between a thick pair of calli at the tip. . Sarcinula brighamii 34’ Column-foot without calli.35 35 Sepals ca. 2.5 mm long; flowers purple. Sarcinula purpurella 35’ Sepals more than 5 mm long.36 36 Leafless than 1.5 cm long; sepals light tan, flecked with red. . Sarcinula brighamella 36’ Leaf 2-4 cm long; sepals yellow or orange, striped with red or purple.37 SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 33 37 Lateral sepals free from near the middle with the sides more or less recurved. . Sarcinula simmleriana 37’ Lateral sepals connate to near the apex without recurved sides.39 38 Raceme congested with pedicels fasciculate. Sarcinula striata 38’ Raceme congested with some pedicels 1-3 mm distant. Sarcinula displosa Group FOUR: PLANT CAESPITOSE Inflorescence racemose; petals entire, shortly ciliate, or pubescent 1 Sepals semiconnate; lip thick, verrucose, with rounded, lobe-like margins below the middle. Lomax punctulata V Not as above.2 2 Dorsal sepal with the tip adherent to the synsepal. Tribulago tribuloides 2’ Dorsal sepal free from the synsepal.3 3 Lip obcuneate, truncate. Pabstiella yauaperyensis 3’ Lip not obcuneate, truncate.4 4 Lateral sepals connate to near the apex.5 4’ Lateral sepals free at least above the middle.25 5 Lip with lateral lobes.22 5’ Lip oblong, without lateral lobes.6 6 Lip glabrous.7 6’ Lip ciliate.19 7 Peduncle compressed.8 7’ Peduncle terete.11 8 Sepals membranous to the tips.9 8’ Sepals fleshy, thickened at the tips.10 9 Peduncle about as long as the leaf. Specklinia costaricensis 9’ Peduncle much exceeding the leaf. Specklinia gracillima 10 Peduncle about as long as the leaf; raceme congested. Specklinia pectinifera 10’ Peduncle much exceeding the leaf; raceme lax. Specklinia alta 11 Raceme elongated.12 11 ’ Raceme not elongated.13 12 Dorsal sepal with tip clavate; column-foot without calli. Specklinia digitalis 12’ Dorsal sepal acuminate; column-foot with a pair of calli. Specklinia producta 13 Peduncle ca. 1 mm long; flowers probably cleistogamous. Sarcinula exilis 13’ Peduncle more than 5 mm long; flowers not normally cleistogamous.14 14 Leaf more than 2.5 cm long.15 14’ Mature leaf less than 2 cm long.16 15 Synsepal obtuse, sepals usually white. Specklinia grobyi 15’ Synsepal acute, sepals usually striped with red or purple. Specklinia picta 34 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 16 Sepals obtuse (like a small grobyi). Specklinia pisinna 16’ Sepals acute.17 17 Lip with a subconical callus near the apex. Specklimia formondii 17’ Lip without a callus near the apex.18 18 Lip bicallous below the middle. Specklinia jesupii 18’ Lip bicallous on middle third. Specklinia feuilletii 19 Peduncle shorter than the leaf. Specklinia mitchelii 19’ Peduncle longer than the leaf.20 20 Raceme congested. Panmorphia minima 20’ Raceme loosely flowered.21 21 Raceme flexuous, more than 3-flowered. Specklinia grisebachiana 21’ Raceme loosely 2- to 3-flowered. Specklinia curtisii 22 Lip with a black, bulbous apex. Panmorphia seriata 22’ Lip not with a black, bulbous apex.23 23 Leaf 3-6 cm long; raceme loosely 2- to 3-flowered. Sarcinula leptantha 23’ Leafless than 2 cm long; raceme subcongested, more than 3-flowered.24 24 Lip channeled to the tip between longitudinal calli. Panmorphia abbreviata 24’ Lip channeled from below the tip. Panmorphia escalarensis 25 All 3 sepals caudate.26 25’ All 3 sepals not caudate.27 26 Lip broadly unguiculate below rounded lateral lobes. Sylphia feugii 26’ Lip round at the base with round lateral lobes. Sylphia cabellensis 27 Lip oblong without lobes or basal lobules.28 27’ Lip with lobes or basal lobules.33 28 Ramicaul nearly as long as the leaf. Panmorphia ricii 28’ Ramicaul much shorter than the leaf.29 29 Leaf more than 2.5 cm long; sepals 5-7 mm long. Specklinia lanceola 29’ Mature leaf less than 2 cm long; sepals less than 4 mm long.30 30 Lip with a minutely verrucose callus near the apex. Specklinia simpliciflora 30’ Lip with a pair of low, longitudinal calli.31 31 Lip diffusely cellular-glandular. Specklinia minuta 31’ Lip not diffusely cellular-glandular.32 32 Raceme 3- to 4-flowered; peduncle 6-8 mm long. Specklinia schaferi 32’ Raceme 1- to 2-flowered; peduncle 1-2 mm long. Specklinia lichenicola 33 Lip with thin margins below the middle, with basal lobules.34 33’ Lip with marginal lobes.39 34 Sepals shortly acuminate; lip glabrous. Panmorphia francesiana 34’ Sepals not shortly acuminate; lip ciliate.35 SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 35 35 Ramicaul nearly as long as leaf.36 35’ Ramicaul much shorter than the leaf.38 36 Petals microscopically erose; lip oblong, ciliate. Panmorphia brevipes 36’ Petals and lip ciliate.37 37 Sepals more than 6 mm long. Panmorphia jamaicensis 37’ Sepals less than 3.5 mm long. Panmorphia kuhniae 38 Raceme much shorter than the leaf. Panmorphia grayumii 38’ Raceme slightly longer than the leaf. Specklinia minuta 39 Lip pandurate with long, oblong, lateral lobes. Atopoglossum ekmanii 39’ Lip oblong with small lateral lobes.40 40 Lip with rounded lateral lobes above the middle, and with the apex revolute. . Specklinia segregatifolia 40’ Lip with marginal lobes below the middle.41 41 Lip with large, uncinate, antrorse lobes. Specklinia mucronata 41’ Lip with the lobes not uncinate.42 42 Sepals and petals ciliate-pubescent.43 42’ Sepals glabrous.46 43 Dorsal sepal 5- to 7-veined, 10-12 mm long; lip with lobes slender, erect, 0.7-1 mm long. Panmorphia dalessandroi 43’ Dorsal sepal 3- to 5-veined, 4-8 mm long; lip with variable lobes.44 44 Leaf 6-9 cm long; lip with lobes reduced to low, obtuse angles. . Panmorphia sanchezii 44’ Leaf 3-6 cm long; lip with lobes distinct.45 45 Peduncle and floral bracts minutely pubescent; lip truncate...Panmorphia funerea 45’ Peduncle and floral bracts glabrous: lip not truncate.47 46 Raceme distantly 2- to 3-flowered, exceeding the leaf. Panmorphia humilis 46’ Raceme congested, shorter than the leaf; sepals and ovary thickly carinate. . Panmorphia megalophora Group FIVE: PLANT CAESPITOSE Inflorescence racemose; petals caudate, denticulate, long-ciliate, or fringed 1 Lateral sepals free, at least to the middle; petals with the blade incised.7 1’ Lateral sepals deeply connate; petals with the blade entire.2 2 Dorsal sepal glabrous, narrowly acute to acuminate.3 2’ Dorsal sepal ciliate or pubescent, acute.4 3 Lip oblong, ca. 1.25 mm wide. Panmorphia cuspidata 3’ Lip narrowly linear, ca. 0.25 mm wide. Panmorpha millipeda 4 Petals with the tail clavellate. 4’ Petals with the tail not thickened at the tip. Panmorphia fractiflexa .5 36 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 5 Petals with the tail pubescent. Panmorphia muricaudata 5’ Petals with the tail glabrous except for a few hairs at the tip.6 6 Raceme surpassing the leaf; petals with tail slender, glabrous. . Panmorphia caudatipetala 6’ Raceme usually shorter than the leaf; petals with tail glandular. . Panmorphia casualis 7 Raceme creeping, horizintal.8 7’ Raceme erect to arching.15 8 Sepals glabrous.9 8’ Sepals ciliate to spiculate.10 9 Lip long-ciliate with slender, antrorse, basal lobes. Muscarella herpestes 9’ Lip minutely papillose with erect, rectangular, basal lobes. . Muscarella ichthyonekys 10 Sepals long-spiculate or long-ciliate.11 10’ Sepals short-spiculate.13 11 Peduncle glabrous; petals with slender, forked lobes. Muscarella samacensis 11 ’ Peduncle pubescent.12 12 Petals shortly serrate; lip shortly fimbriate. Muscarella fimbriata 12’ Petals long-ciliate; lip entire. Muscarella rojohnii 13 Lip with large, broad lobes below the middle. Muscarella echinodes 13’ Lip with low lobes below the middle.14 14 Sepals oblong, subacute. Muscarella trullifera 14’ Sepals acute with thick tails. Muscarella xyloura 15 Sepals acute to obtuse, neither narrowly acuminate nor caudate.16 15’ Sepals narrowly acuminate to caudate.22 16 Sepals with the apices contracted into short, thick tails. Muscarella kennedyi 16’ Sepals acute to obtuse.17 17 Lip coarsely denticulate, longitudinally furrowed. Muscarella llamachoi 17’ Lip neither denticulate nor furrowed as above.18 18 Lip with a central cavity.19 18’ Lip without a central cavity.20 19 Lip with apical lobe long-ciliate. Muscarella exesilabia 19’ Lip with apical lobe glabrous. Muscarella coeloglossa 20 Sepals carinate-spiculate. Muscarella trullifera 20’ Sepals glabrous.21 21 Lip with basal lobes low, broad. Muscarella delicatula 21’ Lip with lobes retrorse, obtuse. Muscarella longilabris 22 Sepals, lip and ovary verrucose. 22’ Sepals, lip and ovary not as above, Muscarella tempestalis .23 SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 37 23 Sepals ciliate-spiculate.24 23’ Sepals not cellular-spiculate.30 24 Petals forked below the middle. Muscarella furcatipetala 24’ Petals fimbriate below the middle.25 25 Lip more than 10 mm long. Muscarella megalops 25’ Lip less than 5 mm long.26 26 Lip with sides revolute. Muscarella marginata 26’ Lip with sides not revolute.27 27 Lip with erect, ear-like lobes; ovary long-spiculate. Muscarella latilabris 27’ Lip not with ear-like lobes; ovary not long-spiculate.28 28 Lip broadly rounded at apex with antrorse, basal lobes. Muscarella werneri 28’ Not as above.29 29 Lip broadly truncate, papillose, long-ciliate. Muscarella schudelii 29’ Lip narrowly truncate, not papillose. Muscarella cynocephala 30 Sepals narrowly acute without contracting into a tail.31 30’ Sepals contracted into slender tail.32 31 Petals as large as, and similar to the sepals. Muscarella intonsa 31’ Petals smaller than the sepals. Muscarella stumpflei 32 Sepals with tails clavate.33 32’ Sepals not with clavate tails.35 33 Lip contracted into a verrucose, bulbous tip. Muscarella corynetes 33’ Lip with the apex broadly rounded.34 34 Lip with small, uncinate, marginal lobes. Muscarella cestrochila 34’ Lip with low, rounded, marginal lobes. Muscarella claviculata 35 Lip sharply acute. Muscarella catoxys 35’ Lip obtuse to rounded.36 36 Lip without lateral lobes.37 36’ Lip with lateral lobes.39 37 Lip spiculate-pubescent. Muscarella sibatensis 37’ Lip not spiculate-pubescent.38 38 Lip narrowly oblong, broadly channeled and pubescent within. . Muscarella tamboensis 38’ Lip broadly oblong, narrowly channeled, glabrous. Muscarella oblonga 39 Lip with broad, marginal lobes from above the middle. Muscarella infinita 39’ Lip with marginal lobes below the middle.40 40 Lip with uncinate, antrorse lobes.41 40’ Lip not with uncinate lobes.42 38 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 41 Sepals free, spreading. Muscarella ancora 41’ Sepals connate to the tips with the laterals parting to form a dorsal window. . Andreettaea ocellus 42 Lip glabrous with low, broad, subquadrate lobes. Muscarella lipothrix 42’ Lip ciliate with lobes acute or obtuse.43 43 Lip densely or long-ciliate above the lobes.44 43’ Lip not long-ciliate above the lobes.45 44 Sepals ca. 10 mm long; lip 3-5 mm long. Muscarella macroblepharis 44’ Sepals ca. 5 mm long; lip 1.5 mm long. Muscarella villosilabia 45 Lip broadly rounded and widest above the middle. Muscarella cestrochila 45’ Lip not broadly rounded and widest above the middle.46 46 Lip bulbous with revolute sides above the middle.47 46’ Lip not bulbous with revolute sides above the middle.50 47 Lip verrucose above the middle. Muscarella aristata 47’ Lip not verrucose above the middle.48 48 Leaves 2 mm wide. Muscarella perangusta 48’ Leaves 6-10 mm wide.49 49 Lip with the tip of the marginal lobe uncinate. Muscarella tsubotae 49’ Lip with the tip of the marginal lobe acute. Muscarella gongylodes 50 Sepals 10-12 mm long. Muscarella quinquiseta 50’ Sepals 4-8 mm long.51 51 Lip cellular papillose above the middle. Muscarella helenae 51’ Lip smooth above the middle. Muscarella zephyrina SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 39 SPECKLINIA Specklinia Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. PI. 8, 1830. Lectotype designated by Garay & Sweet, 1972: 528: Epidendrum lanceola Sw. [=Specklinia lanceo¬ la (Sw.) Lindl.] Ety.: Named for Rudolph Speckle, early nineteenth century English engraver of illustrations of plants. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Specklinia (Lindl.) Garay sect. Hymenodanthae Barb.Rodr., Gen. Sp. Orch. Nov. 2:9, 1882. Lectotype designated by Luer, 1986: 84: Pleurothallis grobyi Bateman ex Lindl. [=Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros]. Ety.: From the Greek hymenodanthos, “membranous-flowered,” referring to the flowers. Syn.: Pleurothallis Sect. Longicaulae Barb.Rodr., Gen. Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 40, 1882. Type: Pleurothallis trilineata Barb.Rodr. [=Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros]. Ety.: From the Latin longicaulis, “long-stemmed,” referring to the long inflorescence. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Specklinia (Lindl.) Garay, Orquideologia 9: 121, 1974. Syn.: Pleurothallis subsect. Longicaulae (Barb.Rodr.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 86, 1986. Plants very small to medium in size, epiphytic, caespitose to long-repent; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect or ascending, shorter than the leaf, never proliferating, with 1-3, imbricating, tubular sheaths, about the base. Leaf erect to prostrate, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical or narrowly obovate, to broadly elliptical or subcircular, acute to obtuse, narrowed below to a petiolate or subsessile base. In¬ florescence a few- to many-flowered raceme, erect, shorter or longer than the leaf, produced from below the apex of the ramicaul; peduncles, pedicels and floral bracts glabrous; sepals glabrous, acute to obtuse, without a tail, the dorsal sepal free to near the base, the lateral sepals variously connate; petals mem¬ branous, entire, elliptical-obovate, acute to obtuse, sometimes cellular erose on the apical margin, 1- veined; lip entire, oblong, elliptical, sometimes slightly narrowed near or above the middle, rarely with indistinct, lateral lobes, the apex obtuse or rounded, rarely ciliate, the disc featureless to shallowly channeled between low, longitudinal calli, the base more or less truncate, without basal lobules, delicate¬ ly hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, with the margins usually winged, the apex entire or denticulate, the foot often with a pair of calli, the anther ventral, deciduous, the rostellum and stigma ventral, the pollinia 2, ovoid, free, or more or less lightly adherent to minute viscidia. Lindley proposed the genus Specklinia in 1830 and included five species, but he did not specify a type. The first two species, S. lanceola (Sw.) Lindl., S. sertulari- oides (Sw.) Lindl. [=Panmorphia sertularioides (Sw.) Luer] had been described in Epidendrum L. by Swartz from Jamaican collections he made in the late eighteenth century. The third species, S. emarginata Lindl. [=Sarcinula corniculata (Sw.) Luer], commonly known as Pleurothallis corniculata (Sw.) Lindl., was included with Epidendrum corniculatum Sw. in synonymy. The fourth species, Specklinia floribunda Lindl. [-Arthrosia floribunda (Lindl.) Luer], was Sieber’s 206 , Den- drobium ophioglossoides Sieber ex Lindl., a later homonym, not Sw. 1799. The fifth species was Specklinia linearis , a sterile, unidentifiable collection from either Mexico or Peru by Pavon entered with a question mark, and with Humboldtia purpurea [=Stelis purpurea (Ruiz & Pav.) Willd.] in synonymy. In his Folia Orchidacea of 1859, Lindley ignored Specklinia , and included the species in Pleurothallis groups characterized by caespitose, the Apodae-Caespi- tosae , or repent habits, the Apodae-Prorepentes. In 1972, Specklinia lanceola (Sw.) Lindl. was designated the lectotype of Speck¬ linia by Garay and Sweet. In 1974, Garay proposed Pleurothallis subgenus Speck¬ linia (Lindl.) Garay, defined primarily by an elongate, winged column, which would include about 800 species, about everything not in Pleurothallis R.Br. sensu stricto. Most species of the latter are characterized by a short, wingless column with an apical anther. No transfers from Pleurothallis to Specklinia were made until the mass transfers by Pridgeon and Chase (2001), and Luer (2004), which created 40 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM another giant, polyphyletic genus. As recently proposed (Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, 2001), Specklinia Lindl. is a huge, polyphyletic accumulation of many taxa. With the aid of hundreds of detailed illustrations, including at least one of every known species of the genus and similar genera, the following genera are proposed for a beginning of a practical solution to the problem. Because dissimilar flowers are found in vegetatively similar groups, and conversely, because similar flowers are found in different vegetative groups, the morphology of the inflorescence provides the best clues to the following generic delimitations. The five large, major groups with common floral affinities ( Muscarella Luer, Pabstiella Brieger & Senghas, Panmorphia Luer, Sarcinula Luer, and Specklinia Lindl.), albeit with exceptions, are recognized here as genera. After future DNA analyses, none of the five above genera will prove to be monophyletic until the removal of some of the exceptions. Some species that have evolved features for¬ eign to all are treated in small or unispecific genera, but other species still remain as the exceptions. The lip of a group containing the type of Specklinia is more or less oblong, free of calli except for some thickening along longitudinal veins, and without basal lobules; the sepals are tailless; and the petals are simple, entire, and single-veined. Another group, Sarcinula (the bundled pedicels, or the brushes), produces an elon¬ gated peduncle with imbricating floral bracts and fasciculate pedicels at the summit; tailless sepals; and usually two-veined, entire petals dilated on the lower margin. In another group, Muscarella (the flies), the sepals are usually long-tailed, and the petals are denticulate or long-fringed. The fourth group, Panmorphia (of many forms), contains vegetatively variable species with tailless sepals; mostly entire, single- veined petals; and a more or less channeled callus on the lip that is bilobulate at the base. The fifth group, Pabstiella , contains the large number of various species loosely bound by an unguiculate lip with a pair of submarginal lamellae. The remainder of the species contains a collection of misfits with interchanged or unusual combinations of morphological features. Five unispecific genera and a small genus ( Sylphia ) Luer of four species with long-tailed sepals and more or less crested ovaries are proposed. Some genes seem to jump from one genus to another, as denticulate leaves that are commonly seen in Hispaniolan species of different genera, as well as in species of other subtribes. After their removal, Specklinia is characterized by a very small to medium-sized habit with more or less petiolate leaves; abbreviated ramicauls; a few- to many- flowered, loose raceme, but congested in a few; glabrous peduncles, floral bracts, pedicels, and ovaries; glabrous sepals without tails; glabrous, entire, single-veined petals, also without tails; an entire, more or less oblong-elliptical lip without basal lobules; and a column-foot often with a central pair of calli. Some species presently assigned to the newly proposed genera will, no doubt, be reassigned to other, or even new genera, when DNA analyses of all the individual species are completed. A large group of small, vegetatively indistinguishable species with various modifications of the above floral morphology [e.g. Specklinia mornicola (Mansf.) Luer] has evolved on the larger islands of the Antilles. Although some suggest various origins, all probably have the same recent ancestry. Hence most, except for the morphologically wildest ( Dondodia Luer, and Tridelta Luer), are retained in old Specklinia. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 41 Species north of Brazil attributed to Specklinia Specklinia alta (Luer) Luer. Specklinia calyptrostele (Schltr.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia ciliifera (Luer) Luer. Specklinia costaricensis (Rolfe) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia curtisii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia digitalis (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia dodii (Garay) Luer. Specklinia feuilletii (Luer) Luer. Specklinia flosculifera (Luer) Luer. Specklinia formondii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia gracillima (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia grisebachiana (Cogn.) Luer. Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros. Specklinia jesupii (Luer) Luer. Specklinia lanceola (Sw.) Lindl. Specklinia lichenicola (Griseb.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia luis-diegoi (Luer) Luer. Specklinia microphylla (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia minuta (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer. Specklinia mitchellii (Dod) Luer. Specklinia morganii (Luer) Luer. Specklinia mornicola (Mansf.) Luer. Specklinia mucronata (Rchb.f.) Luer. Specklinia napintzae (Luer & Hirtz) Luer. Specklinia obliquipetala (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer. Specklinia ordinata (Luer & Dodson) Luer. Specklinia pectinifera Luer & Hirtz. Specklinia picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia pisinna (Luer) Solano & Soto Arenas. Specklinia producta (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia recula (Luer) Luer. Specklinia schaferi (Ames) Luer. Specklinia segregatifolia (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Solano & Soto Arenas. Specklinia simpliciflora (Dod) Luer. Specklinia spiculifera (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia stillsoni (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Specklinia trichyphis (Rchb.f.) Luer. Specklinia wrightii (Rchb.f.) Luer. Specklinia yucatanensis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. 42 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Specklinia alta (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 258, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis alta Luer, Lindleyana 11: 143, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin altus, “tall,” in reference to the habit. Plant medium in size, epiphytic, shortly repent; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-2.5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, long-petiolate, 12-14 cm long including the petiole ca. 6 cm long, 1.4-1.7 cm wide, narrowly cuneate into the slender petiole. Inflorescence an erect, lax, successively several-flowered raceme up to 27 cm long or longer, including the ancipitous peduncle ca. 17 cm long, from near the base of the ramicaul; floral bracts 2 mm long; pedicels 2 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals glabrous, tall-carinate, pale greenish yellow, thickly callous at the apices, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, acute, shortly bifid synsepal, 6 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 4-veined; petals translu¬ cent light yellow, obovate, oblique, obtuse, 2.75 mm long, 1 mm wide, the margins of the apex minutely irregular-erose; lip yellow-green, elliptic-oblong, 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex rounded, the margins broadly rounded and slightly elevated below the middle, the disc with 3 parallel, longitudinal calli, the base truncate, with a small, central, marginal cavity, hinged to the column-foot; column longi¬ tudinally winged, tridentate at the apex, 2 mm long, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of rounded calli, the anther and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Carchi: epiphytic in wet forest below the paramo toward Maldonado, alt. 2450 m, 26 Feb. 1992, S. Dalstrom 1578 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 16223. This species is distinguished by the narrow, long-petiolate leaves borne by much shorter ramicauls from an ascending rhizome. Vegetatively, it is the largest species of the genus. The peduncle is compressed and as long as the leaf with the ramicaul, and the raceme reaches another 10 centimeters higher. The sepals are tall-carinate with sharply acute apices. Immediately behind the apices, the sepals are thickly callous. Specklinia calyptrostele (Schltr.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001 . Bas.: Pleurothallis calyptrostele Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 19: 23, 1923. Ety.: From the Greek calyptrostele, “covered column,” referring to the hooded column. Syn.: Pleurothallis biflora Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 19: 181, 1923, not Pleuro¬ thallis biflora H.Focke. 1849. Ety.: From the Latin biflorus, “two-flowered,” referring to the two-flowered raceme. Syn.: Pleurothallis geminiflora Ames, Hubbard & C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 3: 39, 1934, re¬ placed name for P. biflora Schltr., 1923. Ety.: From the Latin geminiflorus, “twin-flowered,” referring to the two-flowered raceme. Syn.: Specklinia geminiflora (Ames, Hubbard & C.Schweinf.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257,2001. Plant small, epiphytic, repent, the rhizomes 1-3 mm long between ramicauls, forming intertwining masses; roots proportionately thick. Ramicauls suberect, 1-3 mm long, enclosed by a thin, tubular sheath. Leaf suberect to prostrate, coriaceous, broadly ovate to subcircular, broadly obtuse to rounded at the apex, 4-6 mm long , 2-4 mm wide, contracted below into a petiole less than 1 mm long. Inflores¬ cence an erect, laxly 2-, to 3-flowered raceme, commonly 2-flowered, the flowers ca. 2 mm apart, borne by a slender peduncle 15-20 mm long, from below the abscission layer of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1- 1.5 mm long; pedicels 1-1.5 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals membranous, glabrous, white to pale green, the dorsal sepal ovate, narrowly obtuse, 3-4.5 mm long, 1.3-1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals free, narrowly oblong-ovate, narrowly obtuse, barely connate basally, 3-4 mm long, 1 mm wide, 2-veined; petals translucent, narrowly elliptical-obovate, subacute, narrowed below the middle, 1.25- 1.75 mm long, 0.6-0.75 mm wide, without visible midvein; lip yellow-green, oblong, entire, rounded at the apex, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled between a pair of slightly thickened veins, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column broadly winged in distal two- thirds, bidentate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral. COSTA RICA: Heredia: San Jeronimo, alt. 1350 m, May 1920, C. Werckle 148 (Holotype destroyed at B; lectotype here designated: AMES 31278, illustr. of type). Alajuela: Alajuela: San Pedro de San Ramon, alt. 1025 m, Nov. 1921, A.M. Brenes 176 (holotype destroyed at B, lectotype of P. biflora: SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 43 AMES; Isolectotypes: CR, NY); Colinas de San Pedro de San Ramon, alt. 1000 m, 14 Nov. 1927, A.M. Brenes (99)1654 (AMES); La Palma de San Ramon, 1928-29, A.M. Brenes (22a) 1701 (AMES); Los Angeles de San Ramon, 29 Dec, 1931, A.M. Brenes 14841 (AMES); La Hondura de San Ramon, 6 Dec. 1932, A.M. Brenes 177 (AMES); Alfaro Ruiz, El Silencia de Zarcero, alt. 1500 m, 19 Nov. 1938, A. Smith H1381 (AMES); Monteverde Reserve, Rio Penas Blancas, alt. 800 m, 25 Feb. 1987, W.A. Haber & E. Cruz 6796 (CR, MO); Atlantic slope of Volcan Barba, alt. 660 m, 8 Dec. 1987, M. Grayum & D. Perry 8491 (CR, MO). San Jose: La Hondura, alt. 1300-1700 m, 16 Mar. 1924, PC. Standley & J. Valerio 37613 (AMES).Cartago: near Pejivalle, alt. 900 m, 7-8 Feb. 1926, P.C. Standley & J. Valerio 47012, 47946 (AMES); southeast of Pejibaye along Rio Gato, alt. 700 m, 16 Apr. 1983, R. Liesner 14268 (MO); Reserva Forestal, southeast of Cariblanco, Rio Sarapiqui, alt. 750 m, 1 Nov. 1990, S. Ingram & K. Ferrell-lngram 678 (AMES, CR, F, K, MO, SEL); Monteverde Reserve, Eladio’s Refugio, alt. 800-900 m, 2 Dec. 1990, W.A. Haber & C. Ivey 10397 (CR, MO); Reserva Forestal San Ramon Los Angeles, Colonia Palmarena, alt. 800 m, 17 Dec. 1991, G. Herrera 5004 (CR, MO); without locality, flowered in cultivation at UC, 22 Aug. 1962, C.H. Lankester s.n. (K, UC). Guanacaste: near Tilaran, Los Ayotes, alt. 600-700 m, 21 Jan. 1926, P.C. Standley & J. Valerio 45393 (AMES); Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Estacion, Pitilla, alt. 1100 m, 24 Oct. 1990, C. Chavez 468 (CR, K), C. Luer illustr. 17270; sine loc., ca. 1867, A. Endres 301, 539 (W); Pacuan-Matina,A. Endres 539 (W). PANAMA: Code: El Valle, alt. 600-1000 m, 8 Dec. 1938, PH. Allen 1233 (AMES, MO); El Valle, alt. ca. 1000 m, flowered in cultivation in 1974, R.L. Dressier 2927 (SEL), C. Luer illustr. 186; Cerro Pilon, El Valle, alt. 3,000 ft., 4 Jan. 1968, J.A. Duke & B.R. Lallathin 15003 (MO); trail from Cano Blanco del Norte to continental divide above El Cope, alt. 400 m, 5 Feb. 1983, G. Davidse & C.W. Hamilton 23662 (MO). Panama : Cerro Jefe, 17 Aug. 1967, R.L. Dressier 3021 (MO); Altos de Pacora road, collected 4 Mar. 1976, cultivated 26 Oct. 1976, C. Luer, J. Luer, R.L. Dressier & P. Taylor 962 (SEL). This tiny, repent species commonly forms great masses of tiny leaves on moss- covered trunks of large trees in moist forests of Costa Rica and Panama. It was given two names with similar descriptions by Schlechter in 1923, Pleurothallis calyptrostele [=Specklinia calyptrostele ] appearing only pages before in the same publication as P. biflora Schltr., a later homonym, which was renamed P gemini- flora Ames, Hubbard & C.Schweinf. Every one to three millimeters, a short ramicaul and leaf rise from the rhizome. The more or less prostrate, overlapping leaves vary from nearly round, about four millimeters long and broad, to elliptical, about six millimeters long and two milli¬ meters wide. The filiform peduncle, about twice as long as the leaf, bears one to three distant, simultaneous or nearly simultaneous flowers (most commonly two). The pale green sepals and petals are membranous and narrowly obtuse; the petals are much smaller and single-veined, if at all; and the lip is simply oblong, and slightly thickened along the pair of veins. Specklinia ciliifera (Luer), Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis ciliifera Luer, Lindleyana 14: 111, 1999. Ety.: From the Latin ciliifer, “bearing cilia,” referring to the labellum. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots comparatively thick. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-10 mm long, enclosed by 1-2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, pe- tiolate, 7-22 mm long including the petiole 2-10 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide, with margins minutely den¬ ticulate, cuneate below into the, slender petiole. Inflorescence a fascicle of a few successive pedicels borne by an abbreviated peduncle ca. 1 mm long or less, from near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts thin, imbricating, 2-2.5 mm long; pedicels 3-5 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals greenish white, membranous, subcarinate, glabrous, the dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-ovate, acute, concave, 3.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, faintly 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate to the apex into an ovate, acute, concave synsepal, 3.6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2-veined, forming a mentum with the column-foot; petals membranous, narrowly linear, acute, 1.5 mm long, 0.25 mm wide, 1-veined; lip purple, oblong, rounded at the apex, 1.8-2 mm long, 0.4-0.6 mm wide, the disc channeled below the middle between a pair of calli from the base that gradually diverge and disappear above the middle, the margins sparsely long- ciliate below the middle, becoming cellular-glandular above the middle, the base truncate, hinged to the end of the column-foot; column broadly winged above the middle, irregularly toothed at the apex, 1.6 m long, the foot 0.8 mm long, with the anther and stigma hooded and ventral. 44 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Baharona: in woods, Hoyo de Pelempito, Bahoruco mountains, east of Aceitillar, Pedernales, alt. 700-1000 m, 6 Nov. 1969, A.H. Liogier 16734 (Holotype: NY). Hoyo de Pelempito, Bahoruco mountains, east of Aceitillar, Pedernales, alt. 700-1000 m, 6 Nov. 1969 A-H. Liogi¬ er 16715 (Paratypes: AMES, NY); near Hoyo de Pelempito, Sierra de Bahoruco, alt. 600 m, 13 Feb. 1969, A.H. Liogier 13855 (Paratype: NY); Hoyo de Pelempito, Bahoruco mountains, alt. 900 m, 3-8 July 1971, A.H. Liogier 18125 (Paratype: NY); Isla near Caborojo, alt. 1000 m, collected by Dod 1153, Dec. 1978, flowered in cultivation 4 May 1986 by Dod, C. Luer 12154 (MO). This little species is apparently restricted to the mountains of southwestern Dominican Republic where it has been collected several times by Bro. Liogier. It is superficially similar to the Haitian Specklinia mornicola (Mansf.) Luer with flowers the same size, and the collections at NY had been identified as such. However, S. ciliifera is distinguished by a congested, successively flowered raceme borne by an abbreviated peduncle, instead of a single flower borne by a peduncle thrice longer. The leaves are minutely denticulate, while those of the single-flowered S. mornicola are not. The petals are narrowly linear. The lip is oblong and long-ciliate below the middle with the rounded apex cellular-glandular. The lip of S. mornicola is similar¬ ly oblong, but distinctly denticulate both above and below the middle without long cilia. Specklinia costaricensis (Rolfe) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis costaricensis Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. 1917(2): 80, 1917. Ety.: Named for Costa Rica, country of origin of the collection. Syn.: Pleurothallis ehrhartiiflora Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 19: 187, 1923. Ety.: Named for the superficial resemblance of the flowers to Ehrhartia, a genus of the grasses. Plant medium in size, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-2 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 2.5- 3.5-6 cm long including an ill-defined petiole ca. 1 cm long, 0.5-1 cm wide, gradually narrowed below into the base. Inflorescence an erect, more or less arching, loose, distichous, simultaneously 6- to 12- flowered raceme, up to 14 cm long including the compressed peduncle 3-6 cm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 2-3 mm long; pedicels 2 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals membranous, subcarinate, glabrous, pale yellow-green, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, acuminate 4.5-7 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate nearly to the apex into an ovate, acute, shortly bifid synsepal, 4.5-7 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 4-veined; petals translucent, obovate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 1.5-1.75 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip yellow-green to yellow-orange, oblong, rounded at the apex, 2 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled between a longi¬ tudinal pair of low calli on the middle third, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column broad¬ ly winged above the middle, curved-bidentate at the apex, 1.5-1.75 mm long, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of rounded calli near the middle, the anther and stigma ventral. COSTA RICA: sine loc., flowered in cultivation at Kew Gardens, March 1916, obtained in 1915 from C.H. Lankester s.n. (Lectotype here designated: K); same source, flowered in cultivation Nov. 1916, obtained in 1915 from C.H. Lankester s.n. (K); received by Kew from Lankester, 1915, flowered in cultivation, 27 Nov. 1922 (AMES). Alajuela: San Ramon, road to San Carlos, alt. 4,000 ft., 1867, A. Endres 43 (W); San Pedro de San Ramon, alt. 950 m, Sept. 1921, A.M. Brenes 141 (holotype of P. ehrhartiiflora destroyed at B, lectotype: CR; isotypes: AMES, NY); San Ramon, between Los Angeles and Rio Cataratta, alt. 850-1100 m, 16 June 1983, K. Barringer 3216 (CR, F); Cordillera de Tilaran, between San Ramon and Bajo Rodriguez, alt. 1100 m, 26 Sept. 1987, T.B. Croat 68035 (MO). Volcan Arenal, 19 Apr. 1990, V.A. Funk et al. 10770 (CR, US). Heredia: Vara Blanca, alt. 1500-1750 m, July 1937, A.F. Skutch 3170 (K, MO). Guanacaste: slopes of Miravalles above Bijagua, alt. 1500 m, Nov. 1982, L.D. Gomez et al. 19133 (CR, MO); Abangares, north of Monteverde, Upper San Gerardo Valley, alt. 1500 m, 12 Oct. 1989, W. Haber & W. Zuchowski 9550 (CR, MO). Puntarenas: Monteverde Re¬ serve, near TV towers, alt. 1600 m, 11 Oct. 1985, E. Bello 3044 (CR, MO). San Jose: Cerro Zurqul, alt. 1800 m, 28 Oct. 1969, L.D. Gomez 2413 (CR). PANAMA: Chiriqui: vicinity of Fortuna Dam, alt. 1100 m, 8 Feb. 1987, G. McPherson 10419 (MO). Veraguas: near Escuela Agricola Alto de Piedra, 15 Nov. 1974, S. Mori & J. Kallunki 3160 (MO). Code: north of El Cope near Rivera saw mill, alt. 700-850 m, 10 Sept. 1977, J.P. Folsom 5234 (MO); old saw mill above Cope, alt. 900 m, 19 Feb. 1985, C. & J. Luer, R. & K. Dressier 10635 (MO). COLOMBIA: Cauca: highlands of Popayan, alt. 1500-2000 m, F.C. Lehmann 7080 (AMES, W); near Popayan, alt. 5,000 ft., 13 May 1878, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (AMES). Valle del Cauca: Repressa Anchicaija, alt. 1000 m, cultivated by Robledos at La Ceja, 19 Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14274 (MO). SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 45 ECUADOR: Bolivar: Balzapamba between Babahoya and Guaranda, alt. 730 m, 21 May 1960, C.H. Dodson 65 (MO, US). El Oro: between Pinas and El Placer, alt. 800-1200 m, 6 May 1974, G. Marling & L. Andersson 14359 (GB). Pichincha: west of Santo Domingo, alt. 1000 ft., 4 Nov. 1961, P. Cazalet & T. Pennington 5290 (AMES, K, US); Centenela, Montanas de Ila, alt. 600 m, 10 July 1979, B. L0jtnant & U. Molau 15849 (AAU, GB, MO). Napo: El Chaco above Santa Rosa, alt. 500 m, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (K). Among 12 specimens made in the greenhouse at Kew over an eight year period from a collection received in 1915 from Lankester, none bears the flowering date, March 1916, published for Pleurothallis costaricensis Rolfe [=Specklinia costari- censis]. The subsequent specimens, intermingled on four sheets, were made in Nov. 1916, Nov. 1917, Sept. 1918, Oct. 1918, Aug. 1920, Oct. 1922, Nov. 1922, June 1923, Sept. 1923, Oct. 1923, and Dec. 1923. Among them is one undated specimen of a raceme with “Pleurothallis costa-ricensis Rolfe” written in pencil, which I suspect is from the original flowering in March 1916. It is chosen for the lectotype. In Reichenbach’s herbarium there is a drawing of this species cultivated by Veitch, probably in the 1880’s, numbered 300, and with “Pleurothallis platycaulis” written in Reichenbach’s handwriting. This was never published. Cogniaux de¬ scribed another specimen, probably at RB (ined. in Herb. Hort. Petropol.) as “Pleurothallis platycaulis” that Reichenbach had annotated with that name. This specimen is a synonym of Lindley’s Brazilian P. luteola Lindl. Specklinia costaricensis is relatively frequent in Costa Rica and Panama, and in the western Andes of Colombia and Ecuador. It is most easily recognized by the small, caespitose habit and a raceme of simultaneous flowers borne by a com¬ pressed peduncle. The flowers are much like those of the S. grobyi-picta complex. Specklinia curtisii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis curtisii Dod, Moscosoa 3: 111, 1984. Ety.: Named in honor of J.T. Curtis who first collected this species. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-6 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, 12- 20 mm long including a petiole 5-6 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide, with the margins slightly microscopically erose, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, distichous, loose, successively few-flowered raceme, to 35 mm long including the slender peduncle ca 20 mm long, borne from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 1 mm long; pedicels 3 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals yellow, membranous, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5 mm long, 2.3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, obtuse, shortly bifid, shallowly concave lamina, 5 mm long, 2.75 mm wide, 2-veined, forming a small mentum below the column-foot; petals mem¬ branous, glabrous, elliptical, acute, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined, with the margins minutely erose above the middle; lip oblong, rounded at the apex, 2.8 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, the margins erect below the middle and finely ciliate, the disc cellular-glandular, with a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column winged above the middle, semiterete, 1.5 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long. HAITI: Massif de la Hotte, Les Cayes, Formond, alt. 950 m, 19 Feb. 1982, D. Dod 892 (Holotype: JBSD; Isotypes: AMES, MO, NY, US); Formond, May 1982, D. Dod 12 (SEL), C. Luer illustr. 9150; Riviere Glac6, alt. 800 m, 22 Apr. 1982, flowered in cultivation 7 May 1982, D. Dod 892 (JBSD); Ri¬ viere Glace, Mome la Hotte, alt. 750 m, 5 Aug. 1945, L.R. Holdridge 2103 (AMES). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Santiago-Rodriguez: Moncion, near junction of Rio Cenobi and Rio Ceno- bicito, alt. 800 m, 18 June 1929, E.L. Ekman 12892 (AMES, S); Moncion, La Leonor, El Aguacate, Mao River, alt. 500 m, 22 Oct. 1968, A.H. Liogier 13211 (AMES, NY); La Leonor, El Aguacate, alt. 550 m, 22 Oct. 1968, A.H. Liogier 13217 (NY, US). Barahona: Sierra del Bahoruco, Pedernales, Las Abejas, west of Aceitillar, alt. 1200-1400 m, 24 Feb. 1969, A.H. Liogier 14160 (AMES, NY); Polo, Loma La Haut. alt. 600-1300 m, 26 Feb-12 Mar. 1922, W.L. Abbott 1890 (AMES). La Lanza, between Monteada Nueva and Polo, alt. 900-1000 m, 27 Feb. 1969, A.H. Liogier 14305 (NY). 46 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This little species is endemic on the island of Hispaniola where it is not uncom¬ mon. It is characterized by a loose, successively few-flowered raceme that surpass¬ es the small, narrowly elliptical, petiolate leaves. Although smooth to the naked eye, the margins of the leaves are microscopically erose. The lateral sepals are connate nearly to the tips. The petals are microscopically erose above the middle. The lip is oblong with the margins erect below the middle and finely ciliate. The disc is longitudinally bicallous. Specklinia digitalis (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis digitalis Luer, Orqufdea, Mex., 6: 3, 1976, as digitale. Ety.: From the Latin digitalis, “finger-like,” referring to the tip of the dorsal sepal. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose to very shortly repent; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, shiny green above, spotted with purple beneath, broadly elliptical, obtuse, shortly petiolate, 12-15 mm long including the petiole 1 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a lax, distichous, flexible, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 15 cm long including the peduncle 3-4 cm long, borne later¬ ally from the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, 1.5 mm long; pedicels 2-4 mm long; ovary 2.5-3 mm long; sepals pale yellow-green, membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal elliptical, concave, 5 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, 3-veined, with the subacute apex contracted into a clavate, obtuse tip that is concave from beneath, the lateral sepals connate to near the apex into an elliptical, concave synsepal, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, 4-veined, with the apex obtuse, minutely bifid; petals translucent pale yellow, membranous, obovate, obtuse, 2.25 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, 1-veined; lip pale yellow-green, oblong, 2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the apex rounded, the disc shallowly concave between a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column shallowly winged above the middle, bidentate at the apex, 2 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot less than 1 mm long. MEXICO: sine loc., flowered in cultivation by H.R Jesup in Bristol, CT, 18 Oct. 1975, C. Luer 047 (Holotype: SEL); same clone, cultivated in Bristol, CT, by H.R Jesup, 28 May 2000, C. Luer 19411 (MO). This species is known only from the original collection in Mexico, and after 25 years, it is still thriving today in the collection of the Jesups in Connecticut. It is characterized by a minute, caespitose plant with thick, dark green, purple-spotted, elliptical leaves. Proportionately, the raceme is exceeding long and distantly flow¬ ered, often with two to three of the little, pale yellow-green flowers open simultane¬ ously. The tip of the dorsal sepal is clubbed with a cavity from below, similar to that seen in Specklinia segregatifolia (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Solano & Soto Arenas. The synsepal and petals are obtuse, and the lip is oblong with a parallel pair of low, longitudinal calli. Specklinia dodii (Garay) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis dodii Garay, J. Arnold Arb. 1: 463, 1969, replaced name for P. cryptantha Cogn., 1912. Ety.: Named in honor of Dr. Donald D. Dod, author of numerous species of Hispaniola. Syn.: Pleurothallis cryptantha Cogn., Symb. Antill. 7: 176, 1912, not P. cryptantha (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Nov. 2: 80, 1877. Ety.: From the Greek cryptanthos, “a hidden flower,” referring to the tiny flower at the base of a ramicaul. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots comparatively thick. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf purple, erect, coriaceous, minutely denticu¬ late, petiolate, 10-20 mm long including the petiole 3-8 mm long, the blade elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 5-7 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a single flower, produced successively by SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 47 erect peduncles ca. 2 mm long, from near the base of the ramicaul within the basal sheaths; floral bract infundibular, 1.5 mm long; pedicel 2 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals purple, glabrous but micro¬ scopically ciliate, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, concave, 2.25 mm long, 1 mm wide, 3- veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, concave, subacute, minutely bifid, synsepal, 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2-veined, forming a mentum with the column-foot; petals membranous, translucent, glabrous, obovate, microscopically erose toward the acute apex, 1.25 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong, rounded at the apex, 1.8 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, the disc broadly channeled between thick¬ ened, long-ciliate margins, the base truncate, delicately hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column broadly winged above the middle, semiterete, denticulate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 0.75 mm long. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Constanza: near Constanza, alt. 1200 m, H. von Tiirckheim 3280 (Holotype: BR). Sierra del Bahoruco, Pedernales, Las Abejas, west of Aceitillar, alt. 1200-1300 m, collected by D. Dod, cultivated, 8 Feb. 1969, A.H. Liogier 13655 (AMES, NY, P), C. Luer illustr. 19024; Las Abejas, Cabo Rojo, collected by D. Dod, 30 Apr. 1968, cultivated, Oct. 1968, A.H. Liogier 13509 (NY); Bahoru¬ co Mts., Hoyo de Pelempito, alt. 900 m, 3-8 July, 1971, A.H. Liogier 18125 (US). This rare species was first described in 1912 as Pleurothallis cryptantha Cogn. by Cogniaux from a collection by Tiirckheim, apparently forgetting that he had transferred the epithet in 1877 to Pleurothallis R.Br. for a Brazilian species named by Barbosa Rodrigues. Garay proposed a new name in honor of Dod who had rediscovered the species. Specklinia dodii is a small, caespitose species with purple, petiolate leaves that are minutely denticulate on the margins, a character seen in many Hispaniolan species of orchids, not limited to pleurothallids. The tiny purple flower is borne singly by a short peduncle and pedicel from near the base of the ramicaul. The dorsal sepal and synsepal are microscopically ciliate toward the acute apices; the petals are obovate and minutely erose toward the acuminate apex; and the propor¬ tionately large lip is oblong, channeled medially, with thick, long-ciliate margins. Specklinia feuilletii (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis feuilletii Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 237, 2004. Ety.: Named for Christian Feuillet, at that time with ORSTOM, Cayenne, French Guiana. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 1-2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, suffused with purple, elliptical-obovate, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, 7-10 mm long including a petiole 1-2 mm long, 3 mm wide, the base cu- neate into the petiole. Inflorescence a lax, distichous, more or less flexuous, simultaneously few-flow¬ ered raceme 2-2.5 cm long, borne by a slender peduncle ca. 1.5 cm long, with a minute bract below the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 1-1.25 mm long; pedicels 2-2.5 mm long; ovary 1.3 mm long; sepals pale yellow, membranous, glabrous, carinate, thickened at the tip, slightly acuminate, sharply acute, the dorsal sepal oblong, 4.75 mm long, 2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate to near the apex into an ovate, shallowly concave synsepal, 4.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide expanded, 2- veined, forming a shallow mentum below the column-foot; petals membranous, glabrous, elliptical, acute, dilated on the lower margin above the middle, 1.2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong, rounded at the apex, 2.2 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, shallowly concave centrally between a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base truncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column broadly winged above the middle, 1.75 mm long, bidentate at the apex, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of tuberosities or calli near the middle. FRENCH GUIANA: Monte de Kaw, alt. ca. 100 m, C. Feuillet 2906 (Holotype: CAY), C. Luer illustr. 18679. This species is closely allied to the variable and frequent Specklinia grobyi-picta complex, but it is distinguished from the later by the much smaller habit; a loose, two- to three-flowered raceme less than three centimeters long; and sepals that are thickened at slightly acuminate, sharply acute apices. The lip is simple and oblong. 48 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Specklinia flosculifera (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis flosculifera Luer, Lindleyana 14: 113, 1999. Ety.: From the Latin flosculifera, “bearing a small flower,” referring to the inflorescence. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1.5-2 mm long, enclosed by 1-2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 4-7.5 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, cuneate below into a petiole less than 1 mm long. Inflorescence a congested, succes¬ sively few-flowered fascicle of pedicels, borne by a slender peduncle 10-15 mm long, from near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts thin, imbricating, 1.5 mm long; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long; ovary 0.4 mm long; flower white; sepals membranous, subcarinate, glabrous, the dorsal sepal narrowly oblong- ovate, acute, concave, 2.75 mm long, 1 mm wide, faintly 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate to the apex into an ovate, acute, concave synsepal, 2.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, expanded, 2-veined, forming a small mentum with the column-foot; petals membranous, obovate-spathulate, obtuse, 1 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined, narrowed below to the subunguiculate base; lip oblong with erect, broadly rounded sides below the middle, 1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide unexpanded, 0.8 mm wide expanded, the apex rounded, the disc featureless, the base truncate, hinged broadly to the end of the column-foot; column broadly winged near the middle, 0.75 m long, the foot 0.5 mm long, with the anther apical and stigma ventral. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Santiago-Rodriguez: in woods along Mao river, El Aguacate, La Leonor, Moncion, alt. 450 m, 14 Oct. 1969, A.H. Liogier 16323 (Holotype: NY). This single collection made by Bro. Liogier in the Dominican Republic and deposited at NY has had three determinations: Pleurothallis helenae \=Muscarella helenae (Fawc. & Rendle) Luer], P. grisebachiana [= Specklinia griesebachiana (Cogn.) Luer], and P. curtisii [=5. curtisii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase]. It is a tiny, tufted species similar to many others, but it is immediately distinguished from all others known from Hispaniola by the fascicle of pedicels borne by a fili¬ form peduncle beyond very small, elliptical leaves. The only other species with congested pedicels borne by an elongated peduncle known from the Greater An¬ tilles is S. trichyphis (Rchb.f.) Luer from Cuba. This type of inflorescence is fre¬ quent in both Central and South America. This species is similar to S, trichyphis , but the greatest difference is the lip with rounded, erect margins, while the lip of S . trichyphis is oblong without erect margins. Specklinia formondii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis formondii Dod, Moscosoa 3: 116, 1984. Ety.: Named for Loma Pic Formond, where the species was collected. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, subacute to obtuse, pe- tiolate, 10-17 mm long including a petiole 2-4 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, erose margins not noted, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, secund, lax, simultaneously 3- to 4-flowered raceme, to 35 mm long including the slender peduncle 10-20 mm long, borne from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts tubular, 1 mm long; pedicels 1.5 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals light yellow, membranous, thickened near the apex, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, 4.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, faintly 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, bifid, lamina, forming a mentum with the column-foot, 4 mm long, 2.2 mm wide, 2-veined, the apices acute, free ca. 1 mm; petals membranous, glabrous, spathulate, obtuse, 2.5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong- subtrilobed, subunguiculate, 2.75 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apex rounded with a prominent, minutely subverrucose callus, the disc shallowly sulcate below the callus and between thickened margins, the margins erect, low, broadly rounded, lobe-like above a broad claw, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column shallowly winged above the middle, 1.5 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long. HAITI: Massif de la Hotte, Les Cayes, Formond, alt. 2000 m, 6 Jan. 1983, flowered in cultivation 10 Apr. 1983, D.D. Dod 893 (Holotype: JBSD; Isotypes: AMES, NY, MO, US), C. Luer illustr. 18848. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 49 This little species is apparently endemic in the mountains of southern Haiti. Although superficially similar to several other small species from Hispaniola, this species is characterized by the few-flowered raceme about twice longer than the leaf. The leaves of the isotype are considerably larger than those described from the holotype. The sepals are acute, thickened near the apex, and the laterals are connate to above the middle. The petals are spathulate and obtuse. Most distinguishing is a rounded, minutely subverrucose callus that occupies the apex of the lip. Specklinia gracillima (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis gracillima Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 35, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin gracillimus, “very slender,” referring to the habit. Syn.: Pleurothallis brevicaulis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 101, 1920. Ety.: From the Latin brevicaulis, “short-stemmed,” referring to the short ramicaul. Syn.: Pleurothallis humidicola Garay, Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 47: 212, 1953. Ety.: From the Latin humidicola, “dwelling in moist places,” referring to the habitat. Plant medium in size, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-2.5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 5-12 cm long including a petiole 3-4 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, gradually narrowed below into the base. Inflor¬ escence an erect, congested, distichous or subsecund, sometimes arching, simultaneously many-flowered raceme, up to 40 cm long including the slender, compressed peduncle 10-20 cm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 2-3 mm long; pedicels 3-5 mm long below, to 1.5 mm above; ovary 1-1.5 mm long, minutely subverrucose; sepals membranous, subcarinate, glabrous, pale yellow-green or pale green, often striped with purple, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5-7 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate nearly to the apex into an ovate, acute, shortly bifid synsepal, 4.5-7 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, 4-veined; petals translucent greenish white, obovate, obtuse to round¬ ed at the apex, microscopically erose, 1.5-2.5 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip greenish white, sometimes striped with purple, oblong, rounded at the apex, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled between a longitudinal pair of low calli on the middle third, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column suffused with purple, broadly winged above the middle, bidentate at the apex, 2- 2.5 mm long, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of rounded calli near the middle, the anther and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Pichincha: Western declivities of Andes on road to Nanegal, 1857, W. Jameson s.n. (Holotype: K); Western slope of Corazon, Rio Silante, Aug. 1877, F.C. Lehmann 109 (W); Guarumal, between Quito and Santo Domingo, alt. ca. 2000 m, 11 Nov. 1939, E. Asplund 10096 (US); between Chiriboga and San Juan, alt. ca. 2500 m, 28 Oct. 1955, E. Asplund 18201 (AMES, GB), same data, 31 Dec. 1955 E. Asplund 18972 (S, US); same area, alt. 2900 m, 22 Oct. 1961, C.H. Dodson & L.B. Thien 1029 (AMES, MO); same area, alt. 1900-2200 m, 28 Jan. 1977, G. Marling, U. Eliasson & L. Andersson 14918 (GB); same area, alt. 2400 m, 18 Oct. 1981, H. Balslev 2110 (AMES, QCA); above Tandapi, alt. 2000 m, 8 Jan. 1986, C.H. Dodson & P.M. Dodson 16304 (MO); Tandayapi, alt. 1500 m, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, Apr. 2000, J. Portilla 251 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 19404. COLOMBIA: Cauca: epiphytic in dense forest around Popayan, alt. 1500-1800 m, May, 1871, F.C. Lehmann 8205 (holotype of P. brevicaulis destroyed at B); near Popayan, alt. 5,000 ft., 13 May 1878, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (lectotype of P. brevicaulis here designated: AMES); Highlands of Popayan, alt. 1600-2100 m, June 1901, F.C. Lehmann 7080, B.T. 339 (AMES, W); San Antonio, “San Josd,” alt. 2400-2700 m, 1 July 1922, F.W. Pennell 7588 (AMES, NY); El Tambo, among very wet rocks, alt. ca. 1700 m, without date, K. von Sneidern 109 (holotype of Pleurothallis humidicola: S); El Tambo, Chis- quio, alt. ca. 1700 m, K. von Sneidern 1049 (paratypes: AMES, S); Popayan, alt. 1500-1800 m, 21 Aug. 1881, F.C. Lehmann 844 (BR). This species, vegetatively large for this genus, is frequent in the Andes of southwestern Colombia and Ecuador. It is characterized by a long, nearly simulta¬ neously flowered raceme that far exceeds narrow, long-petiolate leaves. The flow¬ ers are sometimes striped in purple. The sepals are acute, the petals are obtuse, and the lip is simply oblong. It is like a vegetatively large Specklinia costaricensis (Rolfe) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase with which it is sympatric in the Andes. 50 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Specklinia grisebachiana (Cogn.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis grisebachiana Cogn., Symb. Antill. 6: 409, 1909. Ety.: Named in honor of A.H.R. Grisebach, German botanist, who listed the species as Pleurothallis grobyi in his Catalog of the Plants of Cuba. Syn.: Pleurothallis grobyi sensu Griseb., Cat. PI. Cuba: 258, 1866, not Pleurothallis grobyi Bateman ex Lindl., Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1797, 1836. Ety.: Mistakenly identified as P. grobyi Batem. ex Lindl. Syn.: Pleurothallis blepharoglossa Luer, Lindleyana 14: 111, 1999. Ety.: From the Greek blepharoglossa, “tongue with ciliate margins,” referring to the labellum. Syn.: Specklinia blepharoglossa (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-6 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, 6-14 mm long including a petiole 1.5-3 mm long, the blade 2-3 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a lax, flexuous, successively 3- to 14-flowered raceme 10-20 mm long, borne by an erect, capillary peduncle 10-25 mm long, from a node on the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 1 mm long; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals yellow, membranous, microscopically pubescent toward the apices, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, acute, 3.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate-triangular, obtuse, shortly bifid, shallowly concave lamina, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 2-veined, forming a shallow mentum below the column-foot, the apices acute, free ca. 0.6 mm, in apposition; petals membranous, glabrous, ellipti- cal-obovate, acute, 1.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined, with the margins microscopically irregular above the middle; lip oblong, rounded at the apex, 1.8-2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, the margins low and erect below the middle, microscopically to finely ciliate, the disc cellular-glandular, shallowly concave between low, longitudinal calli near the middle, sometimes with a midline callus, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column bright purple toward the base, winged above the middle, l. 5 mm long, dentate at the apex, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long. CUBA: Oriente: San Andre near Monte Verde, Jan.-July 1859, C. Wright 1503 (Holotype: K; Isotypes: AMES, BM, BR, BREM, HAC, NY, W), C. Luer illustr. 18797. Santa Clara, Trinidad Mts., Los Cocos, near Siguanea, alt. 430 m, 5-6 Mar. 1910, N.L. Britton & P. Wilson 5061 (AMES). Guantanamo: Monte Verde, alt. ca. 2,200 ft., 30 Dec. 1960, M. Lopez F. 2548, 2563 (HAJB); Loma del Gato, alt. 1,000 ft., 11 July 1921, Bros. Leon, Clement & M. Roic 1024 (HAC); Guantanamo: Santo del Frijol, alt. 900 m, 12 May 1983, Figueiras, Bisse, et al. 2548 (HAJB); Guantanamo: Irmas, Sierra de Irmas, falda oeste de la Loma de Majagua Hueco, alt. 600 m, 16 Apr. 1984, J. Bisse et al. s.n. (HAJB). Holguin: near Moa Bay, 17 Apr. 1946, Bro. Clemente 5006 (AMES). Santa Clara: Trinidad Mts., Los Cocos, near Siguanea, 5 Mar. 1910, N.L. Britton & P. Wilson 5061 (NY); mountains of Siguania, Rio Hanabarrilla, alt. 600 m, 14 Feb. 1924, E.L. Ekman 18478 (S). Holguin: Mayan, Sierra Cristal, Rfo Lebisa, 2-7 Apr. 1956, Bro. Alain, J. Acuna & M. Lopez F. 5756 (HAC, HAJB); Sierra de Nipe, Rio Piloto, 4 Nov. 1914, E.L. Ekman 3360 (S); alt. 600-700 m, 16 Oct. 1941, C.V. Morton & J. Acuna 3233 (HAC, US); Arroyo de la Caridad, 25 Nov. 1954, M. Lopez F. 1666 (HAC, HAJB); Cayo de Sabinas, east of La Mensura, 20 Apr. 1960, Bro. Alain & J. Acuna 7867, 7903 (HAC, HAJB); Moa, camino al Toldo, Alto de Calinga, alt. 800-1000 m, 4 June 1980, A. Alvarez et al. s.n. (HAJB); Moa, camino a La Melba, Arroyo Las Comadres, alt. 350 m, 29 Nov. 1997, C. Luer, J. Luer, M. Diaz, J . Llamacho, J. Ackerman, R. & K. Dressier 18654 (holo¬ type of P. blepharoglossa: HAJB; isotype: MO). Yunque de Baracoa, alt. 520 m, 2 Jan. 1960, Bro. Alain, & M. Lopez F. 7192 (HAC). Cienfuegos: Sierra del Escambray, lomas al sur del Pico San Juan, 8 Nov. 1987, 1. Arias et al. s.n. (HAJB). Plant from Soledad, flowered in cultivation in O. Ames’s green¬ house, Mar. 1905 (K). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Barahona: Loma La Haut, alt. 600-1300 m, 26 Feb. 1922, W.L. Abbott 1890 (US); La Cidra, alt. 880 m, 8 Apr. 1955, J. Jimenez 2951 (US). Santiago: Moncion, alt. 800 m, 18 June 1929, E.L. Ekman 12892 (US); sine loc., collected with Donald Dod, flowered in cultivation by P. Jesup in Bristol, CT, 1 June 1997, C. Luer 18516 (MO). This tiny species was collected in Cuba by Wright and identified as Pleurothal¬ lis grobyi [=Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros] by Grisebach in his catalog of the flora of Cuba. Noting the misidentification, Cogniaux named the species for Grisebach. It is indeed closely related to S. grobyi , but differing in several respects. The habit and flowers are much smaller. The leaves are narrowly elliptical and usually less than 1.5 cm long; the capillary peduncle, longer than the leaves, bears a flexuous, successively flowered raceme; the dorsal sepal is acute, the laterals are connate to near the apices; the petals are narrowly acute; and the callous, oblong lip is similar. The cilia of the lip vary from microscopic on the type-flower SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 51 to long [S. blepharoglossa (Luer) Luer]. The calli on the column-foot, so prominent in S. grobyi , are reduced to small areas of minimal thickening in this species. Specklinia schaferi (Ames) Luer is also closely related to S. grisebachiana , but it differs from the former by shorter, two- to three-flowered racemes, nearly free lateral sepals and a glabrous lip. Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros, Hoehnea 10: 110, 1983. Bas.: Pleurothallis grobyi Bateman ex Lindl., Bot. Reg. 21: t. 1797, 1836. Ety.: Named for Lord Grey of Groby who successfully cultivated plants imported by Mr. Bateman. Syn.: Pleurothallis marginalis Rchb.f., Bonplandia 3: 224, 1855. Ety.: From the Latin marginalis , “margined,” referring to the leaves. Syn.: Pleurothallisperplexa Rchb.f., Hamb. Gartenzeitung 16: 15, 1860. Ety.: From the Latin perplexus, “uncertainty,” possibly because of his not knowing what to do with it. Syn.: Pleurothallis trilineata Barb.Rodr., Orch. Nov. 1: 6, 1877, not Lindl. 1859. Ety.: From the Latin trilineatus, “three-lined,” referring to the sepals. Syn.: Lepanthes trilineata (Barb.Rodr.) Barb.Rodr., Orch. Nov. 2: 42, 1882. Syn.: Lepanthes marmorata Barb.Rodr., Orch. Nov. 2: 42, 1882. Ety.: From the Latin marmoratus, “mottled, marbled,” referring to the leaves. Syn.: Pleurothallis crepidophylla Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburg. 18, 1878. Ety.: From the Greek crepidophyllus, literally “shoe-shaped-leaved,” without a reference. Syn.: Pleurothallis choconiana S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. 23: 285, 1888. Ety.: Named for the forests of Chocon in Guatemala, where the species was collected. Syn.: Humboldtia crepidophylla (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 668, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia grobyi (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 667, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia marginalis (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 668, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis marmorata (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 490, 1896. Syn.: Pleurothallis pergracilis Rolfe, Bull. Misc, Inform. 334, 1893. Ety.: From the Latin pergracilis , “very slender,” referring to the habit. Syn.: Pleurothallis grobyi var. trilineata (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 496, 1896. Syn.: Pleurothallis barbosae Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 19: 143, 1921, replaced name for P. trilineata Barb.Rodr. Ety.: Named for Barbosa Rodrigues, author of P. trilineata. Syn.: Pleurothallis biglandulosa Schltr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 8: 119, 1921. Ety.: From the Latin biglandulosus, “with two glands,” referring to the column-foot. Syn.: Specklinia marginalis (Rchb.f.) F.Barros, Hoehnea 10: 10, 1984. Syn.: Specklinia biglandulosa (Schltr.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 256, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-10 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, sometimes suffused or spotted with purple, narrowly elliptical to narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, 2-5 cm long including a petiole 0.5-2 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a lax, distichous, more or less flexuous, usually simultaneously-flowered raceme 3-15 cm long, borne by a suberect, slender peduncle 3-10 cm long, from a node on the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 1-2 mm long; pedicels 2-3 mm long; ovary 1-1.5 mm long; sepals pale yellow, sometimes lightly veined in purple, sometimes suffused with rose, membranous, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 3-6 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate to near the apex into an elliptical or obovate, obtuse, shal¬ lowly concave synsepal, 4-7 cm long, 2.5-3 cm wide, 2-veined, forming a shallow mentum below the column-foot; petals membranous, translucent, glabrous, elliptical, oblique, subacute, 1.25-2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong, sometimes dilated above the middle, rounded at the apex, 1.75-2.5 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, shallowly concave centrally between a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column broadly winged above the middle, 1.75-2 mm long, bidentate at the apex, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of tuberosi¬ ties or calli near the middle. 52 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM The following are only representative collections selected from hundreds: GUYANA: Demerara, cultivated by Lord Grey of Groby, Bateman s.n. (Holotype: K). SURINAME: sine loc., C. Feuillet 2906 (CAY). FRENCH GUIANA: Montagne de Kaw, alt. 280-300 m, 12 May 1986, C. Luer & J. Luer 12230 (MO). BRAZIL: Sao Paulo: Comm. Geogr. & Geol., rec. Lofgren 1283, 1913 (BR); Itatinga, Alex. Hummel s.n. (BR). Rio de Janeiro: Glaziou 7315 (BR); sine loc., Glaziou 122 (BR); Corcovado, Feb. 1869, Glaziou 3818 (BR). Minas Gerais: Capoes des champs du Tamandua, Barbosa Rodrigues s.n. (holotype of P. trilineata is Rodrigues’s illustr.); Serra de Pedra Branca near Caldas, Barbosa Rodrigues s.n. (holotype of P. marmorata is Rodrigues’s illustr.), Serra do Capusao, June 1888, J.T. de Moura 321 (BR). Para¬ na: sine loc., P. Dusen s.n. (holotype of P. biglandulosa destroyed at B); Sao Jose dos Pinhaes, 11 Nov. 1982, R. Kummrow 2084 (BR); Lapa, Sao Carlos, 13 Aug. 1982, P.I. Oliveira 629 (Curitiba, BR). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Nor Yungas, above Yolasa toward Chuspipata, alt. 1850 m, 21 Jan. 1988, C. Luer et al. 12912 (MO). Cochabamba: Villa Tunari, Hotel Sumuque, alt. 350 m, 30 Jan. 1997, C. Luer et al. 18309 (MO). Santa Cruz: collected by Dr. Moreno near Santa Cruz, alt. 600, 3 Feb. 1988. C. Luer & R. Vasquez 12981 (MO). PERU: Cajamarca: Contmaza, Bosque Cachil, alt. 2400 m, 17 May 1993, M.O. Dillon et al. 6497 (F, MO); same area, alt. 2500 m, 13 Apr. 1995, A. Sagastegui et al. 15566 (HAO, MO). ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Imuya Cocha, along Rio Lagartococha, upstream from Rio Aguarico, alt. 200 m, 20 Oct. 1991, C. Dodson, G. Romero & P. Dodson 18917 (MO). Esmeraldas: between Lita and San Lorenzo, alt. 200 m, 25 Jan. 1996, A. Hirtz, X. Hirtz & J. del Hierro 6270 (MO). Napo: Bermejo, alt. 450-600 m, Apr. 1990, A. Hirtz 4834 (MO); Rio Jatunyacu, alt. 900 m, Apr. 2004, A. Hirtz 8705 (MO). Tungurahua: San Francisco, alt. 1500 m, Nov. 1983, A. Hirtz 1374 (MO). Morona-Santiago: Cordillera del Cutucu, east of Mendez, alt. 700 m, 5 Feb. 1987, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 12638 (MO); along Rio Yanguza between Rio Zamora and Limon, alt. 1200 m, 22 Oct. 1999, A. Hirtz, E. Sanchez & S. Marin 7057 (MO). Azuay: Rio de Chimbo, alt. 700 ft., Alausf, 1877, F.C. Lehmann L IV (holotype of P. crepidophylla: W); west of pass between Gualaceo and Limon, alt. 2850 m, 5 Mar. 1992, S. Dalstrom 1612 (MO); scrub vegetation above Cumbe, alt. 3000 m, 6 Mar. 2001, C. Luer et al. 19783 (MO). Loja: army road to antenna east of Yangana, alt. 2400 m, 22 Mar. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 10812 (MO); valley near El Cisne, alt. 2350 m, 26 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Embree 12037 (MO). El Oro: south of Pinas, alt. 950-1000 m, 20 Mar. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 10670 (MO); old road west of Pacha, alt. 1850 m, 23 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz et al, 13612 (MO). COLOMBIA: Valle de Cauca: near Buenventura, 16 Aug. 1880, F.C. Lehmann 48 (W); Corrales, east slope of Volcan Purace, alt. 8,500 ft., 20 May 1878, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (W); above Barbacoas, alt. 300 m, 14 July 1879, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (W). Caqueta: Caqueta, Solita, alt. 600 m, collected by J. Aguirre, flowered in cultivation at Colomborqufdeas, 15 Dec. 1992, R. Escobar 5051 (MO). VENEZUELA: Rio Icabaru, below confluence with Rio Uaiparu, June 1957, G.C.K. Dunsterville 415. PANAMA: Bocas del Toro: between Fortuna and Chiriqui Grande, alt. 100 m, 17 Feb. 1985, C. & J. Luer, R. & K. Dressier 10600 (MO). Panama: Gatun Lake, sea level, fall 1916, C.W. Powell 106 (AMES). COSTA RICA: sine loc., alt. 3,000 ft., 1868, A. Endres 25 (illustr. at W). Puntarenas: Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce Aguabuena, Rincon de Osa, alt. 50-150 m, 10 Aug. 1991, R. Aguilar 245 (CR, MO). GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: forests of Chocon, 25 Mar. 1985, S. Watson s.n. (holotype of P. choco- niana: AMES); Esquintla: alt. 1100 m, Mar. 1890, J.D. Smith 2253 (BR); sine loc., cultivated by A. Behar in Ciudad Guatemala, 18 Feb. 1990, C. Luer 14690 (MO). EL SALVADOR: Perqufn, alt. 1600 m, F. Hamer 13 (SEL). NICARAGUA: Zelaya: from plantel El Salto to Bonanza, alt. 140 m, D. Stevens 18815 (MO). BELIZE: sine loc., received from the Belise EState and Produce Company, 1887, flowered in cultivation at K (type of P. pergracilis: K); New Town, 25 Aug. 1932, W.A. Schipp 918 (K). MEXICO: Vera Cruz: Mirador, 1841-42, F.M. Liebmann 7311; 132 (C); Mirador, Jan. 1840, F.M. Liebmann 133 (holotype of P. perplexa: W; isotype: C); Jan. 1907, C.A. Purpus s.n. (AMES). Tabasco: Balancan, 22 June 1939, E. Matuda 3150 (AMO, K). Chiapas: Ococingo, Rio Chixoy, road to Chajul, alt. 150 m, 10 Sept. 1985, E.M. Martinez 13571 (AMO, BM, K); sine loc., flowered in cultivation at the Hamburg Botanical Garden (holotype of P. marginalis: W); sine loc., flowered in the collection of Consul Schiller s.n. (holotype of P. perplexa : W). Two collections made near Demerara in what was British Guyana were de¬ scribed and published simultaneously by Lindley in 1835 as Pleurothallis grobyi [=Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros] and P. picta [S. picta (Lindl) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase. Differences between the two concedpts are meager, and SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 53 when extensive collecting proved the two to be widely distributed, and with nu¬ merous intermediates, they became known as a species-complex. As such, the S. grobyi-picta complex is the most widely distributed taxon in the Pleurothallidinae. Practically all hobbyists and growers of orchids are familiar with the pair, which are treated here as two variable and intermingled species. Perhaps Garay was right (Venezuelan Orchids Illustrated , 2: 278-280, 1961) when he reduced P. picta and numerous others to the synonymy of Pleurothallis grobyi [=S. grobyi ]. Because the extremes are recognizable, they will be treated individually. However, determina¬ tions are often faulty, so that all the accompanying citations cannot be accurate. Some variations from Brazil that are also recognizably different will be treated in a future leones Pleurothallidinarum. Populations occur from near sea level to over 2500 meters above sea level, from Mexico to southern Brazil. On the island of Hispaniola it has been identified as P. grisebachiana [=Specklinia grisebachiana (Cogn.) Luer]. Misidentifications of other species (i.e. S. grisebachiana ) account for some identifications from Cuba. The complex of two intergrading but identified species ( Specklinia grobyi and S. picta) is distinguished by a small, clumped plant with narrow, short-stemmed leaves, and a more or less flexuous, simultaneously-flowered raceme surpassing the leaves. The pale-colored flowers are small and bilabiate. The synsepal of Speckli¬ nia grobyi is subacute to obtuse, albeit often minutely bifid; the synsepal of S. picta is acuminate and acute, usually with a purple stripe. Both taxa have simple petals and lip, and near the middle of the column-foot is a pair of calli that are usually conspicuous, even pedunculated. Similar calli are found on numerous closely, as well as more distantly related species. Specklinia jesupii (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis jesupii Luer, Lindleyana 14: 116, 1999. Ety.: Named in honor of H. Phillips Jesup of Bristol, CT, who collected this species in the Domini¬ can Republic with the Rev. Don Dod. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 5-8 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical-obovate, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, 12-20 mm long including a petiole 2-5 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, successive, distantly 2- to 3-flowered raceme, 3.5-4 cm long including the slender peduncle ca. 2.5 cm long, borne from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts tubular, 1.5 mm long; pedicels 3-4 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals light yellow-green, membranous, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acute, 6 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into a narrowly triangular, acute, shallowly concave lamina, very shortly bifid with the tips acute, 6 mm long, 2.75 mm wide, 2-veined, forming a small mentum below the column-foot; petals membranous, glabrous, elliptical, subacute to acute, 2.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong, rounded at the apex, 2.5 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, the disc sulcate between a pair of low, narrow, longitudinal calli from the base to above the middle, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the col¬ umn-foot; column winged above the middle, 1.5 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long, with faintly thickened margins near the middle. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: sine loc., collected ca. 1970 with D. Dod, flowered in cultivation in Bristol, CT, by Jesup, Dec. 1987, C. Luer 12843 (holotype: MO); same collection, flowered in cultivation, 1 June 1997, C. Luer 18516 (MO). This little species is similar to the numerous taxa that are commonly grouped into the Specklinia grobyi-picta- complex. Specklinia jesupii is distinguished by smaller habit with narrowly obovate leaves with short ramicauls, and a distantly two- or three-flowered raceme borne by a peduncle that reaches above the leaves. 54 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM The pale yellow-green and membranous sepals are narrowly triangular, and the petals are narrow and acute. The lip is narrowly oblong and longitudinally chan¬ neled between a pair of narrow calli that extend from the base to above the middle. The lip of the S. grobyi-picta -complex is proportionately wider, and shallowly sulcate between callous halves of the lip. The column-foot of members of the S. grobyi-picta -complex has a pair of more or less conspicuous, rounded calli, one on either side of the middle of the foot. These calli are seen on numerous related species (i.e. S. schaferi (Ames) Luer and S. recula (Luer) Luer. Only very slight thickenings are found on the margins of the column-foot of S. jesupii. If not sought, they will not be seen. Specklinia lanceola (Sw.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 8, 1830. Bas.: Epidendrum lanceolum Sw., Nov. Gen. Sp. Prodr. 123, 1788. Ety.: From the Latin lanceolus, “little lance-like,” referring to the leaves. Syn.: Dendrobium lanceolum (Sw.) Sw., Nov. Act. Upsal. 6: 83, 1799. Syn.: Cymbidium lanceolum (Sw.) Sw., in Schrad. N. Joum. Bot. 1: 94, 1805. Syn.: Pleurothallis lanceola (Sw.) Spreng., Syst. 3: 731, 1826. Syn.: Pleurothallis lateritia Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 731, 1872. Ety.: From the Latin lateritius, “brick red,” referring to the flowers. Syn.: Pleurothallis sclarea Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 49, 1877. Ety.: unknown. Possibly an error in transcribing “scarlea,” meaning “scarlet.” Syn.: Specklinia lateritia (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia sclarea (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 4-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 ribbed, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 20-30 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into an ill-defined petiole 5-10 mm long. Inflorescence a lax, simultane¬ ously 2- to 3-flowered raceme, 25-50 mm long, including the slender peduncle 20-30 mm long, emerging laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicels 5-7 mm long; ovary winged, 1 mm long; sepals red, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse, concave, 5-7 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, 3- veined, the lateral sepals connate at the base, oblong, subacute, 5-7 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide; petals translucent red, obovate, oblique at the obtuse apex, 2-2.5 mm long, 0.8-1.25 mm wide; lip red, thick, elliptical-obovate, arcuate, 2.75-3.25 mm long, 1-1.25 mm wide, rounded at the apex, the disc shallowly channeled between a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete with narrow, marginal wings, 2 mm long, the foot 1.5 mm long, with the anther shortly hooded and the stigma ventral. JAMAICA: sine loc., O. Swartz s.n. (Holotype of Epidendrum lanceola : S; Isotypes: BM, W). Sine loc., Nov. 1881, J.T. Syme & D. Morris 231 (K, NY); St. George, J.T. Syme & D. Morris 171 (NY). Portland: near Mabess River, alt. 3,000 ft., 22 Nov. 1898, W. Harris 7467 (BM); W. Harris 7742 (BR); Mt. Moses, J.T. Syme 2091 (NY); Shingle Heap, 6 Feb. 1895, W. Harris s.n. (NY). Mabess River, below Vinegar Hill, 9 Feb. 1903, L.M. Underwood 1394 (NY). St. Thomas: Stone Hole Bump, alt. 600-800 m, 9 June 1926, W.R. Maxon 9026 (AMES, NY, US); Maccasucker Bump, alt. 825-1025 m, 25 June 1926, W.R. Maxon 9536 (AMES, NY, US). Mabess River, alt. 2,500 ft., 25 July 1903, G.E. Nichols 140 (AMES, US). Sine loc., collected by P. Jesup, flowered in cultivation at Bristol, CT, June 1985, C. Luer 11395 (SEL). COSTA RICA: sine loc., alt. 4,000 ft., 1868, A. Endres 52 (holotype of P. lateritia : W; flowers at AMES, K); sine loc., obtained from L. Glicenstein by P. Jesup, flowered at Bristol, CT, 17 Nov. 1977, C. Luer 2216 (SEL). Heredia: Vara Blanca de Sarapiqui, alt. 1500-1750 m, July 1937, A.F. Skutch 3290 (AMES, K); Vara Blanca, Sept. 1979, C. Luer, J. Luer & K. Walter 4864 (SEL). San Jose: Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, alt. 700-760 m, 16 Feb. 1984, M.W.Chase 84219 (CR). MEXICO: Vera Cruz: woods near Huatusco, alt. 3,000 ft., Sept. 1954, Florence Johnson 954-17 (AMES). Sine loc., flowered in cultivation at K, 29 Oct. 1876, (holotype of Pleurothallis sclarea: W). This species is uncommon in Jamaica where it was first collected by Swartz. A subsequent, indistinguishable collection was made in Costa Rica by Endres, and it flowered in cultivation at the Hamburg Botanical Garden. Collections from both SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 55 Jamaica and Costa Rica are characterized by a small, caespitose habit, a short ramicaul, and lax racemes of two- to three brick-red flowered racemes about as long as the leaves. The sepals and petals are obtuse, and the simple lip is arcuate and shallowly channeled. There is no significant distinction between the two plants. One flower of a plant without data was sent from Kew to Reichenbach in a letter by Oliver [of Porroglossum muscosum (Rchb.f.) Schltr.-fame] that is still in the Vienna herbarium. “24 Jan. 1876 My dear friend . . . can tell me this tiny wretch I . . . off hand, the only flower on the spec. Looks like an old Specklinia Caespitose Apod. Ever yours D. Oliver” Reichenbach obliged Oliver by describing it in Linnaea as Pleurothallis sclarea Rchb.f., comparing it to his P. lateritia Rchb.f. He stated that the capillary pedun¬ cle was “single-flowered”; that the conspicuous flower was a beautiful cinnabar color; that the petals were half as long as the sepals; and that the lip was linear ligulate. The crude sketch with an obovate lip sent by Oliver is most compatible with R lateritia , the Central American plant inseparable from the Jamaican P. lanceola [=Specklinia lanceola (Sw.) Lindl.], but it could even have been S. lanceo- la itself. Specklinia lichenicola (Griseb.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis lichenicola Griseb., Cat. PI. Cuba 259, 1866. Ety.: From the Latin lichenicola , “lichen dwelling,” referring to the habitat. Syn.: Pleurothallis gemina Stenzel, Lindleyana 16(1): 28, 2001. Ety.: From the Latin geminus , “twined, paired,” referring to the two-flowered raceme. Plant very small, epiphytic, densely caespitose to shortly repent; roots slender but proportionately thick. Ramicauls erect, 1-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse or rounded at the apex, subpetiolate, 5-7 mm long including a petiole less than 1 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, 1.5 mm thick, the base broadly cuneate into the petiole. Inflores¬ cence a single flower, or a loosely 2-flowered raceme, borne by an erect peduncle 2-3 mm long, from a node on the ramicaul; floral bract tubular, 1-2 mm long; pedicels 0.5-2 mm long; ovary 0.5-2 mm long; sepals white, sometimes suffused with red at the thickened tips, fleshy, glabrous, the dorsal sepal ovate, narrowly obtuse, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblong, obtuse, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, barely 2-veined, forming a shallow mentum below the column-foot, connate to near the middle; petals membranous, glabrous, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 2-2.75 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip red-purple, thick, elliptical-oblong, rounded at the apex, 1.75-2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled centrally between thickened halves, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column narrowly winged above the middle, 1.25 mm long, dentate at the apex, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 0.75 mm long with a pair of low, indistinct, marginal calli. CUBA: Oriente, near Monte Verde, Jan.-July 1859, C. Wright 1507 (Holotype: W; Isotype: K); Turqui- no, 26 June 1936, J. Acuna 11207 (HAC). Holguin: Sierra Cristal, between Los Mulos and Corea, alt. 630 m, 27 Aug. 1959, M. Lopez F. 245 (HAC); Sierra de Nipe, La Caridad, 22 Apr. 1960, Bro. Alain, A. Acuna & Ramos 8115 (HAC); Loma Mensura, Sierra de Nipe, alt. 950 m, 26 Nov. 1997, culivated by R Jesup in Bristol, CT, 28 June 1998, C. Luer, J. Luer, M. Diaz, 7. Llamacho, J. Ackerman, K. & R. Dressier 18637 (MO); same locality, alt. 850 m, 24 Apr. 1998, H. Stenzel & A. Matos Vihales 452 (holotype of P. gemina : HAJB; isotype: JE). Guantanamo: Irmas, Sierra de Irmas, La Yamagua, Loma Maestra de Yamagua, alt. 750-850 m, 14 Apr. 1984, J. Bisse et al. s.n. (HAJB). HAITI: Formond, May 1982, D. Dod 2-F (SEL), C. Luer illustr. 8066, 8067. 56 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This species is one of smallest of those species similar to the Specklinia grobyi- picta complex. It is relatively frequent, forming dense mats on trunks and branches of trees. A usually single (occasionally followed by a second) tiny white flower with a red lip is borne no higher than the thick, broadly elliptical leaves by a short peduncle. The sepals are white or light yellow, and thickened at the narrowly obtuse apex. The petals are narrowly spathulate. The lip is red-purple, thick and oblong, shallowly channeled, and convex at the recurved apex. As in S. grobyi and its relatives, a pair of small calli, albeit indistinct, are present on the margins of the column-foot. Pleurothallis gemina [=5. lichenicola (Griseb.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase differs in bearing two flowers simultaneously instead of usually succes¬ sively. Specklinia lichenicola is similar to S. schaferi (Ames) Luer, which is distin¬ guished by a three- or four-flowered raceme held above the leaves by a longer peduncle. Collections from Haiti differ in thicker tips of the sepals. Specklinia luis-diegoi (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis luis-diegoi Luer, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3: 55, 2001. Ety.: Named for Dr. Luis Diego Gomez at that time of the Wilson Botanical Garden, Cotobrus, Costa Rica, co-collector of this species. Plant very small, epiphytic, subcaespitose, shortly repent, the rhizome 1-2 mm long between rami- cauls; roots thicker than the rhizome. Ramicauls slender, erect to suberect, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, elliptical-obovate, subacute to obtuse, with red-brown dots, 4-9 mm long including the petiole ca. 1 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflor¬ escence a fascicle of solitary, successive flowers, large for the plant, borne in a congested raceme by capillary peduncle, 18-25 mm long, laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts very close, sometimes imbricating, 1.5 mm long; pedicels 4 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals membranous, glabrous, de¬ scribed as orangish, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 9.5 mm long, 4 mm wide, 3-veined, connate to the lateral sepals for 1 mm, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, acute, minutely bifid synsepal, 9.5 mm long, 5 mm wide, 4-veined; petals translucent, obovate-spathulate, obtuse, 3.5 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, 1.5 mm wide near the apex; lip elliptical, slightly arcuate, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex rounded, minutely denticulate-erose, the disc featureless, 3-veined, the base truncate, concave on the end, articu¬ lated to the column-foot; column slender, narrowly winged, 2 mm long, the foot nearly as long with a pair of minute auricles at the base, the anther exposed but ventral as are the rostellum and stigma. COSTA RICA: Limon: Asuncion, Rio Segundo, alt. 300 m, 2 May 1985, L.D. Gomez, G. Herrera & J. Berrocal 23611 (Holotype: CR; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 19316. This tiny species is apparently endemic in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica. It is characterized by the minute, shortly repent habit that superficially appears to be caespitose. The capillary peduncles bear a congested, successively flowered raceme, like a tiny brush, far above minutely purple-speckled leaves. The flower is comparatively large, larger than the leaves. The dorsal sepal is ovate; the synsepal is minutely notched at the tip; the petals are spathulate; and the lip is elliptical with a minutely denticulate, rounded apex. A minute pair of rounded calli are present at the base of the column-foot. Specklinia microphylla (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258,2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis microphylla A.Rich. & Galeotti, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 17, 1845. Ety.: From the Greek microphyllon, “small leaf,” referring to the leaves. Syn.: Humboldtia microphylla (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Kuntze, Gen. Sp. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis rotundifolia Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. 191, 1895. Ety.: From the Latin rotundifolius , “with round leaves,” referring to the leaves. Syn.: Pleurothallispanamensis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 140, 1921. Ety.: Named for Panama, the country where the species was collected. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 57 Plant small, epiphytic, repent, the rhizomes 1-5 mm long between ramicauls; roots slender. Rami- cauls slender, suberect, 1-10 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 tubular sheaths. Leaf suberect to prostrate, coriaceous, more or less mottled with purple, occasionally subverrucose, broadly ovate to subcircular, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 4-10 mm long including a petiole less than 1 mm long, 3-7 mm wide, broadly cuneate to rounded below; Inflorescence an erect or suberect, lax, more or less simultaneously few-flowered raceme 3-7 cm long, including the 2-4 cm long peduncle, from near the base of the rami- caul; floral bracts 1-1.5 mm long; pedicels 2.5-4 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals membranous, gla¬ brous, pale yellow-green, usually with red veins, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 4-7 mm long, 1.75-2.75 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, shortly bifid synsepal, 4-7 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, 4-veined, the tips acute, in apposition; petals translucent light yellow, elliptical-obovate, acute, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.5-0.75 mm wide, with the midvein red; lip yellow-green to red, oblong, rounded at the apex, 1.75-3 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled, the base truncate, with a small, central, marginal cavity, hinged to the column-foot; column winged above the middle, dentate at the apex, 1.5-2 mm long, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of rounded calli near the middle, the anther and stigma ventral. MEXICO: Oaxaca: alt. 3,000 ft., 1840, H. Galeotti 5175 (Holotype of P. microphylla : W). BELIZE: 1905-07, M.E. Peck 498 (K). Orange Walk, northern highway, north of Maskall, 25 Jan. 1974, J.D. Dwyer & R. Liesner 12188 (MO). Cayo: Mile 28 Western Highway, alt. 30 m, 10 May 1997, G. Davidse Y D.L Holland 36321 (MO); Southern Maya Mountains, Bladen Nature Reserve, 13 May 1997, G. Davidse 36367 (MO). HONDURAS: sine loc., collected by Matthews, cult. 1974, C. Luer 1001 (SEL). NICARAGUA: Jinotega: between Pantasmi and Cua rivers, alt. 2,000 ft., A.H. Heller 1811 (AMES). Zelaya: near Siuma, A.H. Heller 4649 (SEL). COSTA RICA: sine loc., ca. 1867, A. Endres 23, 23A (W); A. Endres 677 (W). Heredia: along Rio Puerto Viejo, north of Las Horquetas, alt. 60 m, 19 July 1984, M.H. Grayum 3564 (MO); Parque Nac. Braulio Carrillo, Est. Magsaysay, alt. 1100 m, 2 June 1990, G. Carballo 110 (CR, K, MO). PANAMA: Colon Rio Indis au Foto, near sea level, 24 Aug. 1911, H. Pittier 4264 (holotype of P. panamensis presumably destroyed at B; lectotype here designated: AMES 22755, illustr. of type). Panama: El Llano-Carti road, Rio Terable Valley, alt. 300-400 m, 9 June 1982, S. Knapp & R. Schmal- zel 5480 (MO). JAMAICA: sine loc., received in 1880, flowered at K, 14 Aug. 1886, D. Morris s.n. (holotype of P. rotundifolia: K), C. Luer illustr. 18799; flowered at K, June 1895, D. Morris s.n. (K). ECUADOR: Pastaza: collected near Puyo, cultivated at Chamblee, GA, 17 June 1975, F L Stevenson 61775-4 (SEL). This little species is widely distributed at relatively low altitudes through Cen¬ tral America and northern South America into Ecuador. It is little more than a vegetative variation of the frequent and even more widely distributed Specklinia grobyi-picta- complex. Specklinia microphylla is characterized by a repent rhizome bearing abbreviated ramicauls with small, broadly elliptical, more or less overlap¬ ping, suberect leaves. The lax, few-flowered raceme reaches well-above the leaves. Although small, the flowers are basically similar to those of S. grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros, including the pair of calli on the column-foot. Specklinia minuta (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis minuta Ames & C.Schweinf., Sched. Orch. 10: 30, 1930. Ety.: From the Latin minutus, “minute,” referring to the very small habit, Plant very small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 ribbed, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical to obovate, obtuse, 8-12 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, cuneate below into an ill-defined petiole 1-2 mm long. Inflorescence a lax, simultaneously 3- to 5-flowered raceme, 15-17 mm long, including the slender peduncle 10-12 mm long, emerging laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 0.75 mm long; pedicels 1 mm long; ovary 0.3 mm long; sepals red, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, acute, concave, 2.8 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals free, ovate-triangular, acute, 2.8 mm long, 1 mm wide; petals translucent red, elliptical-obovate, narrowly obtuse, microscopically erose, 1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; up red, thick, oblong, 1.25 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, broadly rounded at the apex, the disc cellular-glandu¬ lar, shallowly channeled between a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base truncate, slightly decurved, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete with broad, marginal wings, bidentate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the foot 0.75 mm long, with the anther shortly hooded and the stigma ventral. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: La Palma, alt. 1100 m, 25 Oct. 1922, A.M. Brenes (13)343 (Holotype: AMES); Rincon de la Vieja, Quebrada Rancho Grande, alt. not recorded, 12 Sept. 1978, C. Todzia 430 (CR), C. Luer illustr. 17801. 58 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This species, similar to Specklinia lanceola (Sw.) Garay, is found uncommonly in Costa Rica. It is distinguished from S. lanceola by the very small habit and much smaller, dark red flowers. Instead of two or three, comparatively large flowers, four or five, tiny red flowers are borne simultaneously in a loose raceme. Except for size, the floral parts are not remarkably different from those of S. lanceola. Specklinia mitchellii (Dod) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis mitchellii Dod, Moscosoa 3: 109, 1984. Ety.: Named in honor of Dr. Clay Mitchell of the Agencia Internacional de Desarrollo. Syn.: Anathallis mitchellii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 249, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-5 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, marginate, microscopically erose, 8-11 mm long including a petiole 2-3 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, distichous, loose, successively few- flowered raceme, to 15 mm long including the slender peduncle ca. 5 mm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 0.75-1 mm long; pedicels 1-1.25 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals yellow, membranous, subcarinate, cellular-glandular within, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5.5 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, shortly bifid with acute tips, shallowly concave lamina, 5.75 mm long, 3 mm wide, 2-veined; petals membranous, glabrous, narrowly elliptical, acute, 2.25 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, 1-veined, with the margins microscopically erose above the middle; lip oblong, obtuse at the apex, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the margins of the middle third erect and finely ciliate, the disc cellular-glandular, with a pair of low, longitudinal calli that unite into a thickened elevation above the base, the base subunguiculate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column winged above the middle, semiterete, 2 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1.5 mm long. HAITI: Massif de la Hotte, Les Cayes, Formond, alt. 950 m, 18 Feb. 1982, flowered in cultivation 3 Mar. 1982, D. Dod 892 (Holotype: JBSD; Isotypes: AMES, MO, NY, US); Formond, May 1982, D. Dod 1-F (SEL), C. Luer illustr. 8068. This little species is uncommon in Haiti. It is very similar to Specklinia curtisii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase with which it is sympatric. In habit they are similar, but the peduncles and the loose, successively flowered racemes are shorter. The sepals do not differ significantly. The petals are proportionately narrower and the erose margins are merely microscopic. The ciliated margins of the lip of S. mitchel¬ lii are limited to the middle third. The disc is occupied by a longitudinal pair of calli that unite above a shortly unguiculate base. Specklinia morganii (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis morganii Luer, Lindleyana 11: 171, 1996. Ety.: Named in honor of Hilton (“Pete”) Morgan, co-discoverer of this species. Plant very small, epiphytic, repent, with the rhizome slender, 3-6 mm long between Ramicauls; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptic-obovate, subacute to obtuse, 6-10 mm long including the petiole 1-2 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, lax, nearly simultaneously 4-flowered raceme 4-4.5 cm long including the peduncle ca. 1.5 cm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1-2 mm long; pedicels 2-3 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals translucent greenish white, gla¬ brous, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acuminate, acute, 6.5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, barely 3-veined, the lateral sepals free, narrowly ovate, oblique, acuminate, acute, 7 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, 1-veined; petals translucent, elliptical, obtuse, 2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide; lip greenish white, elliptical-oblong, 2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the apex rounded, the margins broadly rounded and slightly elevated below the middle, the disc with a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column longitudinally winged, tridentate at the apex, 1.75 mm long, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of rounded calli, the anther and stigma ventral. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 59 ECUADOR: Pichincha: epiphytic in orange tree in a pasture, near Dos Rios below Chiriboga, alt. 1400 m, collected by C.H. Dodson, H. Morgan et al., flowered in cultivation 18 Dec. 1979, C. Luer 4834 (Holotype: SEL). Imbabura: Los Cedros reserve, along ridge in wet forest, alt. 1400 m, 23 Jan. 1993, S. Dalstrom, T. Hdijer & H. Wanntorp 1735 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 20944. Forming mats of little leaves from creeping rhizomes, this species is similar to the Central American Specklinia calyptrostele (Schltr.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. It is distinguished from the latter by taller inflorescences with more flowers and acuminate sepals twice as long. Although the petals, lip and shaft of the column are similar, the column-foot of S. morganii has a distinct pair of rounded calli, similar to those seen in the S. grobyi-picta complex and relatives. Specklinia mornicola (Mansf.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Ety.: From the Latin -icola, “dwelling upon,” referring to Morne Perroy. Bas.: Pleurothallis mornicola Mansf., Arkiv. Bot. Stockh. 22A(8): 13, 1929. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose, forming dense tufts; roots fleshy, broader than the rami- cauls. Ramicauls slender, 2-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaves overlapping, coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, 6-8 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, narrowed below into a petiole ca. 1 mm long. Inflorescence a single, purple flower; peduncle slender, 3-4 mm long, from a node near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bract inflated, 2 mm long; pedicel 3 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, acute, concave, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate-triangular synsepal, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex acute, minutely bifid; petals translucent, narrowly elliptical-obovate, acute, 1.5 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, without visible vein; lip thick, oblong, 2.5 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, fimbriate and rounded at the apex, the disc channeled between a pair of longitudinal calli along the basal two-thirds the length, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete with marginal wings, denticulate at the apex, 1.6 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, with the anther hooded and the stigma ventral. HAITI: Massif du Nord, near Ennery, top of Morne Perroy, alt. 1075 m, 13 June 1927, E.L. Ekman El- 8440 (Holotype: S; Isotypes: AMES, K, NY), C. Luer illustr. 18585. This minute species is apparently endemic at the summit of at least one of the mountains of Haiti where it is known only from the original collection. It is charac¬ terized by little tufts of overlapping leaves and a single, purple flower borne about midway along a leaf. In Mansfeld’s description the inflorescence was noted to be one- or two-flowered, but there is no evidence of a second flower on several plants of the isotype at Kew. The dorsal sepal and synsepal are similar and acute. The petals are narrow and sharply acute (not ligulata, obtusiuscula). The lip is oblong, not spathulate. However, Mansfeld might have had the advantage of examining fresh flowers. The above description was made from a rehydrated flower. Specklinia mornicola is very similar to S. stillsonii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase that occurs in the same mountains of Haiti. It differs from the latter in narrower, non-denticulate leaves, and longer ramicauls and peduncles. Specklinia mucronata (Lindl. ex Griseb.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis mucronata Lindl. ex Griseb., Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts ser. 2, 8: 219, 1861, emend. Cogn. 1910. Ety.: From the Latin mucronatus, “mucronate,” referring to the apex of the leaves. Plant minute, epiphytic, caespitose; roots comparatively thick. Ramicauls erect, 1-1.5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, margined and cellular-denticulate, obtuse to rounded, minutely apiculate, 4-5 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, the base cuneate into a petiole 0.5 mm long. Inflorescence a single flower to a loose, successively 3-flowered raceme, borne by an erect, capillary, peduncle 12-25 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicels 3-4 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals appear to have been light yellow, subcarinate, glabrous, the 60 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM dorsal sepal elliptical, slightly acuminate, acute, 4.5 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals free, ovate-triangular, oblique, slightly acuminate, acute, 4.25 mm long, 1.25 mm wide; petals translu¬ cent, obovate, subacute, 2.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, with the margins microscopically serrate; lip deeply trilobed, 2.6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide across the lobes expanded, oblong above the middle with the apex rounded, the lateral lobes below the middle, erect, antrorse, sharply acute with the margins minutely serrate, the disc longitudinally shallowly channeled, the base narrow, truncate, united to the column-foot; column slender, 1.25 mm long, narrowly long-toothed at the tip, the anther, rostellum and stigma ven¬ tral, the foot 0.5 mm long. CUBA: Oriente: near Monte Verde, Jan.-July 1859, C. Wright 1504 (Holotype: W, Isotypes: AMES, BR, K, MO, W), C. Luer illustr. 19014. This species occurs locally in the mountains of the Oriente of Cuba. It is distin¬ guished by the very small habit with broadly elliptical, obtuse leaves with minutely denticulte edges, and an elongated, lax, successively few-flowered raceme. The sepals are slightly acuminate. The petals are obovate and subacute. The lip is shallowly channeled medially and deeply lobed below the middle, the lobes being proportionately large, uncinate, and antrorse. Specklinia napintzae (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis napintzae Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 173, 1996. Ety.: Named for the community of Napintza in the Cordillera del Condor in southeastern Ecuador where this species was discovered. Plant small, epiphytic, long-repent, the rhizome slender, 5-10 mm long between ramicauls; roots slender along the rhizome. Ramicauls suberect, 3-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute to subacute, 12-20 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, narrowed below into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a loose, successively few-flowered raceme, up to 30 mm or more long including the peduncle ca. 10 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts glabrous, 1.5 mm long; pedicel 3-3.5 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals light yellow, glabrous, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, thickened toward the apex, 5 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, acute, 4.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, barely connate at the base; petals red, obovate, acute, acu¬ minate, 3 mm long, 1.2 mm wide; lip red, glabrous, ovate, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apex acute, the margins broadly rounded and erect below the middle, the disc with a pair of low, parallel carinae in the middle third, the base hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, denticulate at the apex, 2 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordillera del Condor, epiphytic in forest near Napintza, alt. 1000 m, June 1991, A. Hirtz 5547 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 15322. This species is similar to the widely distributed Specklinia spiculifera (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, but it is apparently confined to the Cordillera del Condor in eastern Ecuador. Specklinia napintzae is distinguished from the latter by broader leaves, longer pedicels, a raceme of slightly larger flowers, acuminate petals, and a pointed lip with erect margins below the middle. Specklinia obliquipetala (Acuna & C.Schweinf.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Mis¬ souri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis obliquipetala Acuna & C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 6: 1, 1938. Ety.: From the Latin obliquipetalus, “with oblique petals,” referring to the petals. Plant minute, epiphytic, caespitose; roots comparatively thick. Ramicauls erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute to subacute, 5-24 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, the base cuneate into a petiole 2-10 mm long. Inflorescence a single flower followed by a second in a short raceme, borne by an erect, capillary, peduncle 2-3 mm long, borne later¬ ally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1-1.5 mm long; pedicels 2-2.5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals subcarinate, glabrous, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, acute, 3-5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate below the middle, oblong, oblique, slightly acuminate at the acute apex, 3-5 mm long, each 1 mm wide; petals obovate, acute, 1.6-2.6 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, with the labellar margin dilated above the middle; lip oblong-subpanduriform, entire, 2.3-3.5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, the apex broadly rounded,the disc shallowly channeled between a low pair of longitudinal calli on the middle third, the base truncate, connate to the column-foot; column slender, winged, 2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 61 CUBA: Oriente: Estribo del Este, Pico Turquino, 1 Aug. 1935, J. Aquino 9540 (Holotype: SV [HAC]; Isotype: AMES); Gran Piedra, alt. 1500 m, 4 Mar. 1911, J.A. Schafer 9048 (AMES, NY), C. Luer illustr. 19029; Pico Turquino, 10 June 1936, J. Acuna 10567 (HAC). This species occurs locally in the mountains of the Oriente of Cuba. It is distin¬ guished by the small habit with acute leaves and a short peduncle that bears one flower, often followed by a second. The sepals are acute and slightly acuminate at the tips. The petals are also acute, but distinctly dilated above the middle of the labellar margin. The lip is simply oblong or slightly panduriform. Specklinia ordinata Luer & Dodson, sp. nov. Ety.: From the Latin ordinatus, “in an orderly line,” referring to the habit. Species haec Speckliniae spiculiferae (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase similis, sed habitu duplo majore, sepalis obtusis proportione latioribus, et labello infra medium dilatato differt. Plant small, epiphytic, long-repent, the rhizome slender, 1-2 cm long between ramicauls; roots slender along the rhizome. Ramicauls erect, 5-8 mm long, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute, 3.5-4.5 mm long, 3-4.5 mm wide, gradually narrowed below into a petiole ca. 0.5 cm long. Inflorescence a loose, successively 4- to 7-flowered raceme, 5-7.5 cm long including the peduncle 2.5-3 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts glabrous, 2 mm long; pedicel 1.5 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals light rose, glabrous, the dorsal sepal oblong, obtuse, 3 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblong, slightly oblique, obtuse, 3 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, 2-veined, barely connate at the base; petals narrowly elliptical, acute, 3.25 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, 1-veined; lip red, glabrous, ovate-oblong, subtrilobed, with the apex obtuse, 2.75 mm long, 1.6 mm wide across the sides expanded, the sides erect, broadly rounded, below the middle, the disc shallowly channeled between a pair of longitudinal calli below the middle, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, winged above the middle, dentate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Imuya Cocha, near the Colombian border, alt. 200 m, 30 July 1991, C.H. Dodson et al 18863 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 15541. This species is related to the widely distributed Specklinia spiculifera (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, but differs from it by twice longer leaves, ramicauls, and rhizome. Although the raceme is longer with more flowers, the flowers are slightly smaller with obtuse, proportionately wider sepals. In common with S. spiculifera , the narrow petals are slightly longer than the petals, and the lip is concave below the middle with erect, broadly rounded sides. Specklinia pectinifera Luer & Hirtz, sp. nov. Ety.: From the Latin pectinifera, “comb bearing,” in reference to congested, distichous raceme. Species haec Speckliniae altae (Luer) Luer affinis, sed racemo abbreviato disticho congestissimo quam folio subsessile breviore differt. Plant small, epiphytic, shortly ascending-repent; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect, 1-1.5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thinly coriaceous, rigid, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 6-8 cm long including, 1.2-1.8 cm wide, narrowly below into the indistinctly petiolate base. Inflorescence an erect, congested, distichous, simultaneously many-flowered raceme up to 2.5 cm long or longer, borne by a compressed peduncle ca. 4 cm long, from below the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1-1.5 mm long; pedicels 1-1.5 mm long; ovary 1-1.5 mm long; flowers non-resupinate, borne 1-1.5 mm apart; sepals glabrous, fleshy thickened at the apex, carinate, light green suffused with tan externally, thickly callous at the apices, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, acute, bifid synsepal, 5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 4-veined, free 2 mm; petals trans¬ lucent light green, oblong, oblique, obtuse, 2 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, the margins of the apex minutely irregular-erose; lip green, oblong, 2.3 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, the apex rounded, the margins elevated below the middle, the disc with a pair of parallel, longitudinal calli, and a central callus between toward the apex, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column longitudinally winged, with broad, un¬ cinate lobes at the apex, 2.5 mm long, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of low, marginal calli, the anther and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Pichincha: epiphytic in wet forest near Mindo, alt. 1800 m, cultivated in Quito, flowered in cultivation 1 Sept. 2004, A. Hirtz 8989 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 20974. 62 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This species is characterized by a compressed peduncle that bears a short, congested, distichous raceme of non-resupinate flowers in opposite-facing rows. It is related to the tall, loosely flowered Specklinia alta (Luer) Luer, but distinguished by the shorter, subsessile leaves in addition to the abbreviated raceme. The sepals are similar with the apices fleshy thickened; the petals are similar but narrower; and the longitudinally callous lips are also similar. Specklinia picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis picta Lindl., Bot. Reg. 21: sub. t. 1797, #15, 1835. Ety.: From the Latin pictus , “painted,” referring to the striped sepals. Syn.: Pleurothallis marginata Lindl., Bot. Reg. 24: Misc. 70, 1838. Syn.: Pleurothallis marginata Lindl., Bot. Reg. 34: Misc. 42, 1848, not 1838. Ety.: From the Latin marginatus, “marginate,” referring to the leaves. Syn.: Pleurothallis surinamensis H. Focke, Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. 2: 194, 1849. Ety.: Named for Suriname, country where the collection was made. Syn.: Pleurothallis florulenta Linden & Rchb.f., Bonplandia 3: 223, 1885. Ety.: From the Latin florulentus, “abundantly flowered,” referring to the inflorescence. Syn.: Humboldtia marginata (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 668, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia picta (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 668, 1891. Syn.: Lepanthesplurifolia Barb.Rodr., Vellosia 1 (ed. 2): 118, 1891. Ety.: From the Latin plurifolius, “several-leaved,” apparently intended to be pluriflorus. Syn.: Pleurothallis densifolia Rolfe ex Britton, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 4: 260, 1895. Ety.: From the Latin densifolius, “densely leaved, caespitose,” referring to the habit. Syn.: Lepanthespluriflora Barb.Rodr., FI. Bras. 3(4): 492, 1896. nom. nud. Syn.: Pleurothallis pluriflora (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 492, 1896. Ety.: From the Latin pluriflorus, “several-flowered,” referring to the raceme. Syn.: Pleurothallispanamensis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 140, 1921. Ety.: Named for Panama, country of origin. Syn.: Pleurothallis dryadum Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 19: 186, 1923, not 1922. Ety.: Named for a dryad, a mythological, tree-dwelling nymph. Syn.: Pleurothallis lindleyana Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 489, 1896, replaced name for P. marginata Lindl., 1848. Ety.: Named for Dr. John Lindley, author of P. marginata. Syn.: Pleurothallis integrilabia Ames, Hubbard & C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 3: 39, 1934, replaced name for P. dryadum Schltr., 1923. Syn.: Pleurothallis arevaloi Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 27: 43, 1924. Ety.: Named for a person named Arevalo, with no clue to his identification. Syn.: Specklinia florulenta (Linden & Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia marginata (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001 [Pleurothal¬ lis marginata Lindl., Bot. Reg. 34: Misc. 42, 1848, not 1838]. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 5-10 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, sometimes suffused with purple, narrowly elliptical to narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, 2-5 cm long including a petiole 0.5-2 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a lax, distichous, more or less flexu- ous, usually simultaneously few- to many-flowered raceme 5-15 cm long, borne by a suberect, slender peduncle 3-10 cm long, from a node on the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 1-2 mm long; pedicels 3-5 mm long; ovary 1-3 mm long; sepals pale yellow, usually with a thin, purple stripe, membranous, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, narrowly acute, 5-10 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate to near the apex into an ovate, narrowly acute, shallowly concave synsepal, 5-10 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide, 2-veined, forming a shallow mentum below the column-foot; petals mem¬ branous, translucent, glabrous, elliptical, oblique, acute, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong, rounded at the apex, 2-2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, shallowly concave centrally between a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column broadly winged above the middle, 2 mm long, bidentate at the apex, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of tuberosities or calli near the middle. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 63 The following are only representative collections selected from hundreds: GUYANA: Demerara, cultivated ca. 1835 by Loddiges s.n. (Holotype: K); Demerara, 1837, Schomburk 87.5 (K); 1898, E.F. im Thurn 144 (K); Potaro River below the Kaieteur, Sept.-Oct. 1881, G.S. Jenman 823 (K); Cuyuni River, Oct. 1904, A.W. Bartlett 8100 (K); Essequibi River, Moraballi Creek, alt. near sea level, 20 Sept. 1929, N.Y. Sandwith 319 (K); basin of Shodikar Creek, Essequibo tributary, 8-22 Jan. 1938, A.C. Smith 2889 (K, NY). SURINAME: 1825, Dr. Hostmann 279 (K, W); sine loc., Wullschlegel 537 (BR); sine loc., H. Focke s.n. (holotype of P. surinamensis: W); Confluent Litany - Koule-Koule, Monts Tumuc-Humac, alt. 160 m, 28 July 1993, J.J. de Granville 11872 (CAY, US). BRAZIL: Amazonia: Rio Yauapery, tributary of Rio Negro, B. Rodrigues s.n. (holotype of P. pluriflora is Rodrigues’s illustration); Terr. Roraima, vicinity of Auaris, alt. 760-800 m, 12 Feb. 1969, G.T. Prance, J.R. Steward, J.F. Ramos & L.G. Farias 9846 (INPA, K, NY, US); Regiao do Rio Jarf, between Pilao and Repertimento Mata de terra firme, 20 Jan. 1969, N.T. Silva 1659 (K, NY). SP: Comm. Geogr. & Geol. rec. Lofgren 1609, (BR). BOLIVIA: La Paz: “Yungas,” 1890, M. Bang 216 (AMES, M, NY, US, W). Cochabamba: Chapare, near Villa Tunari, alt, 300 m, 16 Jan. 1988, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. Vasquez et al, 12845 (MO). Santa Cruz: collected near Santa Cruz, alt. 600 m, cultivated by Luis Moreno, 3 Feb. 1988, C. Luer & R. Vasquez 12982 (MO). PERU: Huanuco: Leoncio Prado, near Tingo Maria, alt. 800 m, 20 Oct. 1990, collected by E. Jara, D. Bennett 4743 (MO); Cuevas de Las Lechuzas, collected by E. Jara, 20 Dec. 1990, D. Bennett 4939 (MO). ECUADOR: Esmeraldas: new road between Lita and San Lorenzo, alt. 300 m, 12 Jan. 1992, C. Luer & J. Luer, A. & X. Hirtz et al. 15573 (MO). San Lorenzo, alt. 100 m, flowered in cultivation at Ecuagen- era, 11 Jan. 2004, A. Hirtz 8671 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 20963. Napo; Bermejo oil fields, north of Lumba- qui, alt. 850 m, 9 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz & A. Embree 11742 (MO). Pastaza: southeast of Puyo, alt. 1000 m, 21 Feb. 1990, S. Dalstrom & L. Arnby 1396 (MO). Azuay: Cordillera del Molleturo, above Rio Shurimal, alt. 650 m, 27 Jan. 1992, C. & J. Luer, P. & A. Jesup & A. Hirtz 16190 (MO). Loja: El Cucho, west Andes above Santa Rosa, alt. 300-600 m, F.C. Lehmann 8362 (K). Zamora- Chinchipe: south of Yangana, alt. 2000 m, 18 Mar. 1984, C. Luer, S. Dalstrom et al. 9612 (MO); Cordil¬ lera del Condor, east of Los Encuentros, alt. 1500 m, 19 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz et al. 13481 (MO). COLOMBIA: sine loc., J. Linden 55 (holotype of P. florulenta: W; isotype: AMES). Antioquia: Agua Clara near Palmira, alt. 5,000 ft., Nov. 1877, F.C. Lehmann 130 (W). Cauca: Rio Buga, 1500 m, 28 July 1881, EC. Lehmann 812 (W). Caqueta: near Mocoa, alt. 530 m, Oct. 1921, W. Hopp 121, 161 (holo¬ type of P. arevaloi lost at B). PANAMA: received from Chipman, cultivated by Vietch 149 (W). Chiriqui (and Veraguas): Apr. 1858, Moritz Wagner 24 (holotype of P. panamensis destroyed at B). Canal Zone: Gamboa, alt. 20-100 m, Nov. 1911,//. Pittier 4787 (AMES). COSTA RICA: Alajuela: San Pedro de San Ramon, alt. 900 m, June 1921, A.M. Brenes 36 (holotype of P. dryadum presumably destroyed at B; lectotype: AMES, illustr. of type; isolectotype: CR). GUATEMALA: sine loc., U. Skinner s.n. (holotype of P. marginata: K). This species is the partner of the Specklinia grobyi-picta complex. See the discussion of S. grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros. Specklinia grobyi and S. picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase are so similar to each other, that an identifi¬ cation often relies on personal judgement. Specklinia picta is distinguished from the usual P. grobyi and the multitude of intermediates by usually purple-striped sepals, and a narrowly acute to acuminate synsepal. These features are often not obvious, causing inaccuracy in many identifications. Specklinia pisinna (Luer) Solano & Soto Arenas, Icon. Orch. (Mex.) 5-6, XI, 2003. Bas.: Pleurothallis pisinna Luer, Lindleyana 6: 105, 1991. Ety: From the Latin pisinnus, “very small,” referring to the flowers and habit. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 2-2.5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, obovate, 10-11 mm long, 4-4.5 mm wide, the apex obtuse to rounded, cuneate below into a petiole 1 mm long. Inflorescence a loose, successively 2- to 3-flowered raceme borne by a slender, erect peduncle 8-9 mm long, emerging laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel 1.5 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals yellow with purple stripes, glabrous, with the dorsal sepal ovate, 3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, 3-veined, the apex subacute, thickened, with the lateral sepals completely connate into an ovate, obtuse lamina 3.25 mm long, 2.75 mm wide; petals translucent brown, elliptical, obtuse, 2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide; lip dark purple-brown, thick, elliptical-oblong, 2.25 mm long, 1.1 mm wide, with the apex rounded, shallowly sulcate centrally between a low pair of longitudinal calli, with the subtruncate base hinged to the column-foot; column longitudinally winged in the distal three fourths, bidentate at the apex, 1 mm long, the foot 1.5 mm long, with slight marginal elevations, with the anther and stigma ventral. 64 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM GUATEMALA: Alta Yerapaz: alt. 300 m, collected and cultivated by H. Ibanez in Coban, 27 Nov. 1990, C. Luer 14860 (Holotype: MO). MEXICO: Chiapas: south of Palenque near Cascada Mizola, alt. 300 m, 15 Jan. 1982, D.E. Breedlove 57322 (CAS); Ococingo, Lacanja-Chanzayab, road Palenque Boca Lacantum, alt. 340 m, 7 Nov. 1985, E. Martinez S. 15057 (MEXU, MO). Veracruz: Zacuapam, Barranca de Aacuapam, alt. 900-1000 m, 17 May 1994, L. Sanchez S., A.R. Lopez-Ferrari, A. Espejo & J. Garcia-Cruz 311 (AMO), C. Luer illustr. 19173. Chiapas: Hoover 257 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 17016. HONDURAS: Yoro: Rio Texiquat, alt. 150 m, 11 Apr. 1995, T. Hawkins & M. Merello 751 (MO). This tiny species is obviously related to the widely distributed and variable Specklinia grobyi-picta complex. Numerous closely allied and look-alike taxa are already lumped together in this complex, because there is at present no satisfactory way to determine the boundaries of the included taxa. Specklinia pisinna is distin¬ guished from them by the tiny flower produced successively in a two- to three- flowered raceme at the apex of a peduncle shorter than the leaves. The flower is basically very similar to a minute variation of S. grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) Luer except that the pair of lobules seen on the column-foot of S. grobyi are absent. Specklinia producta (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis producta Luer, Selbyana 3: 176, 1976. Ety.: From the Latin productus, “elongated,” referring to the inflorescence. Plant medium in size, often terrestrial, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 2-5 cm long including an indistinct petiole ca. 1 cm long, 5-6 mm wide, gradually narrowed below into the base. Inflorescence an erect, more or less secund, distantly and successively several-flowered raceme, up to 24 cm long including the slender peduncle 10-15 cm long, borne laterally from the rami- caul; floral bracts acute, 2 mm long; pedicels 5-6 mm long; ovary 2 mm long, minutely subverrucose; sepals membranous, subcarinate, glabrous, light green, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate nearly to the apex into an ovate, acute, shortly bifid synse- pal, 5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 4-veined; petals translucent greenish white, obovate, obtuse, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip green, marked with red on margins, oblong, rounded at the apex, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled between a longitudinal pair of low calli on the lower two-thirds, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column pale green, broadly winged above the middle, bidentate at the apex, 2 mm long, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of rounded calli near the middle, the anther and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Pichincha: new road between Quito and Santo Domingo, alt. ca. 2000 m, 1 Mar. 1975, C. Luer & R. Kent 572 (Holotype: SEL); sine loc., cultivated by Janet Kuhn, 4 June 1975, C. Luer 290-S (paratype: SEL). Tungurahua: between Ambato and Banos, alt. ca. 2000 m, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, 5 Mar, 2001, C. Luer 19742 (MO). Azuay: Sayausid, terrestrial, alt. 3000 m, 1 Apr. 1968, G. Harling, G. Storm & B. Strom 7924 (AMES, GB); south of Cumbe, alt. 2900-3000 m, 9 June 1979, B. L0jtnant, A. & U. Molau 14351 (AAU, GB); between Jarata and La Paz, between Cuenca and Loja, alt. 3400 m, 8 Mar. 1985, G. Harling & L. Andersson 22818 (GB); terrestrial, south of Cuenca, alt. 2800 m, 20 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J . Luer, A. & P. Jesup 16053 (MO). This species is closely allied to the Specklinia grobyi-picta complex, but differs with the markedly elongate, distantly flowered raceme with longer-pedicellate flowers. The flowers are practically inseparable from those of the complex with the simple sepals and petals; an oblong lip; a bituberous column-foot; and a column with similarly shaped wings that protrude at the apex. Specklinia recula (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 263, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis recula Luer, Lindleyana 11: 92, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin recula, “a little thing,” referring to the habit of the plant. Plant very small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender but thicker than the ramicauls. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-2.5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical-obovate, subacute, 5-18 mm long including the petiole 1-3 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base narrowed into the petiole. Inflorescence a fascicle of successive, single-flowered pedicels, borne by a filiform peduncle 15-20 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts imbricating, 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel 3-5 mm long; ovary, 0.5-1 mm long; sepals transparent light yellow, thin, glabrous, the SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 65 dorsal sepal elliptical-ovate, obtuse, 3.75-6 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, obtuse, 3.5-6 mm long, connate from the middle or to near the apex into a lamina 2.5-3 mm wide; petals translucent light yellow, thin, obovate, oblique, obtuse, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip yellow-orange to yellow-green, elliptical-oblong, arcuate, 1.75-2 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, the margins microscopically erose toward the rounded apex, the disc with a pair of longitudinal calli near the middle, the base subtruncate, delicately hinged to the column-foot; column deeply winged above the middle, 1.5 mm long, the anther subapical, the stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of minute lobules near the middle. ECUADOR: Napo; Rio Jatunyacu, above Shandia, alt. 650 m, 12 Mar. 1991, A. Hirtz & S. Ortega 5364 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 15324; epiphytic in forest near Tena, alt. ca. 1000 m. July 1975, C. Luer, G. Luer & S. Wilhelm 455 (SEL). Esmeraldas: El Tigre, Rio Cayapas, alt. 400 m, 14 Nov. 1995, C. Porter s.n. (MO). PANAMA: Panama: El Llano-Carti road, 13 Apr. 1975, S. Mori & J. Kallunki 5561 (MO); Altos de Pacora road, alt. ca. 600 m, 4 Mar. 1976, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. L. Dressier & P. Taylor 742 (SEL). COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Osa Peninsula, west of Rincon de Osa, alt. 30 m, 4 June 1968, W. Burger & R. Stolze 5432 (CR, F). This tiny species is similar to a small Specklinia grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros, but S. recula is distinguished by a fasciculate inflorescence instead of a loose raceme, and by the elongated wings of the column. The flower of the Cuban and Hispaniolan S. schaferi (Ames) Luer is also similar, but the inflorescence of the latter is elongate and loosely flowered. A minute pair of calli is found on the column-foot, but smaller than those of several other species, most notable the S. grobyi-picta complex. Specklinia schaferi (Ames) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 263, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis schaferi Ames, Orchidaceae 7: 119, 1922. Ety.: Named for J.A. Schafer who collected the species. Syn.: Pleurothallis bipapularis Dod, Moscosoa 1: 52, 1976, as bipapulare. Ety.: From the Latin bipapularis , “bipapular,” referring to the pair of calli on the column-foot. Syn.: Pleurothallis haitiensis Dod, Moscosoa 3: 113, 1984. Ety.: Named for Haiti, the country of origin. Syn.: Specklinia bipapularis (Dod) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Syn.: Specklinia haitiensis (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3.5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical-obovate, subacute to obtuse, pe- tiolate, 5-10 mm long including a petiole ca. 1 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, distichous, loose, nearly simultaneously few-flowered raceme, to 8- 17 mm long including the slender peduncle 6-8 mm long, borne from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 0.75-1 mm long; pedicels 1-2 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals light yellow, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, obtuse, 2-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, 3- veined, the lateral sepals oblong, obtuse, 1.6-3.5 mm long, 0.6-1 mm wide, 1-veined, forming a mentum with the column-foot; petals membranous, glabrous, narrowly oblong-obovate, obtuse, 1.25-1.8 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong, rounded at the apex, 1.5-1.8 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column winged above the middle, 1.2 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long with a pair of small, marginal calli. CUBA: Holguin (old Oriente): Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, alt. 450-550 m, 5 Jan. 1910, J.A. Schafer 3441 (Holotype: AMES, NY), C. Luer illustr. 19035; Mayan, Sierra de Nipe, Cayo Las Mujeres, alt. 750 m, 25 Nov. 1997, C. Luer, J. Luer, M. Diaz, J. Llamacho, J. Ackerman & R. Dressier 18620 (HAJB, MO). Guantanamo: Sierra del Frijol, alt. 900 m, 12 May 1983, Bisse et al. s.n. (HAJB), C. Luer illustr. 18811. HAITI: Massif de la Hotte, Les Cayes, Formond, alt. 950 m, 24 Feb. 1982, flowered in cultivation 28 July 1983, D.D. Dod 890 (holotype of P. haitiensis: JBSD; isotypes: AMES, MO, NY, US), C. Luer illustr. 9189; Citadel, collected by D. Dod Oct. 1987, flowered in cult. 7 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13731 (MO). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: La Lechuza, Pilancon, Bayaguana, alt. 300 m, 27 Apr. 1973, D. Dod 504 (holotype of P. bipapularis: SDM; isotypes: AMES, NY, SEL, US), C. Luer illustr. 19037; La Lechuza. alt. 300 m, 14 May 1973, D. Dod 399 (SDM); 12 Jan. 1974, D. Dod 505 (SDM); La Vereda, Pilancon, Bayaguana, alt. 300 m, 21 Feb. 1975, D. Dod 506 (SDM); Hoyo de Pelempito, Sierra de Baoruco, alt. 800 m, 4 July 1971, flowered in cultivation 19 Oct. 1975, D. Dod 507 (SDM); Sierra de Baoruco, Peder- nales, Hoyo de Pelempito, alt. 700-1000 m, A.H. Liogier 16716 (AMES, NY). 66 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This species is not uncommon in eastern Cuba and on the island of Hispaniola. Differences in collecions from the two islands are minor in sizes and in more or less acute to obtuse tips of the sepals. Specklinia schaferi is also similar to the one- to two-flowered S. lichinicola (Griseb.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase. Misidentifications of S. schaferi are probably responsible for some of the reports of S. grobyi (Bateman ex Lindl.) F.Barros in the Greater Antilles. Similar to S. grobyi , a pair of calli are present on the column-foot. Specklinia schaferi is characterized by a tuft of little, narrowly elliptic-obovate leaves, and simultaneously three- to four-flowered racemes that are carried near the tips of the leaves. The sepals are narrowly obtuse with the laterals free; the petals are obovate, and the lip is simply oblong. Specklinia segregatifolia (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Solano & Soto Arenas, Icon. Orch. (Mex.) 5-6: XI, 2003. Bas.: Pleurothallis segregatifolia Ames & C.Schweinf., Sched. Orch. 8: 33, 1925. Ety.: From the Latin segregatifolius , “with segregate leaves,” alluding to some imagination about segregate leaves. No clue to the meaning is given in either the Latin or English description. Syn.: Pleurothallis calyptrosepala L.O.Williams, Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 11: 65, 1940. Ety.: From the Greek calyptrosepalon, “hooded sepal,” referring to the cucullate tip of the dorsal sepal. Plant small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-8 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly to broadly elliptical-obovate, pe- tiolate, subacute to obtuse, 6-25 mm long including the petiole 3-8 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, the base narrowed into the petiole. Inflorescence a lax, distichous, flexible, flexuous, successively several-flow¬ ered raceme, up to 8 cm long including the peduncle 3-4 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, 1 mm long; pedicel 1.5-3 mm long; ovary 1-1.25 mm long; sepals dark red-purple to pale rose, membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, 3-4.75 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, 3- veined, with the apex variably narrowed into an obtuse or cucullate tip, sometimes thickly digitiform, the lateral sepals oblong, oblique, subacute, 3-4 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, variously connate from below the middle to above the middle; petals translucent purple, membranous, oblong, obtuse, 2-2.75 mm long, 0.3-0.75 mm wide, 1-veined; lip dark purple, subobovate-trilobed, 2-2.5 mm long, 0.75-1.25 mm wide, the margins erect near or above the middle with variably formed lobes, more or less constricted above the lobes with the apex rounded or subtruncate and often deflexed, the disc shallowly concave between calli within the lobes, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column shallowly winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1.5-2 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot less than 1 mm long. COSTA RICA: Cartago: Peralta, La Fuente, 24 June 1914, C.H. Lancaster 914 (Holotype: AMES). Alajuela: San Ramon, 1869, A.R. Endres 59 (305) (W). Guanacaste: La Tejona, north of Tilaran, alt. 600-700 m, 25 Jan. 1926, PC. Standley & J. Valerio 45976 (AMES). Abangares, upper San Gerardo valley, north of Monteverde, alt. 1500 m, 12 Oct. 1989, W. Haber & W. Zuchowski 9559 (MO); data missing, W. Haber 8921 (CR), C. Luer illustr. 16510; pasture above Santa Elena, alt. 1600 m, 19 Mar. 1995, C. Luer, J. Luer, J. Atwood & W. Rhodehamel 17422 (MO). Puntarenas: east of Santa Elena, alt. 1500 m, 6 Aug. 1988, J.T. Atwood & W. Haber 88-39 (AMES, SEL); Monteverde Reserve, TV tower, alt. 1750 m, 26 June 1989, J.T. Atwood 89-246 (AMES, K, SEL); J.T. Atwood 88-39 (CR), C. Luer il¬ lustr. 17053; leeward cloud forest, alt. 1500 m, 17 Feb. 1992, S. Ingram & K. Ferrell-Ingram 1349 (MO, SEL). Sine loc., ca. 1876, A. Endres 49 (illustr. at W). NICARAGUA: Matagalpa: north of Matagalpa, 29 Dec. 1973, J.T. Atwood, S.A. Marsall, D.A. Neill 6922 (AMES, US). EL SALVADOR: road to San Fernando, alt. 1450 m., 9 Oct. 1975, F. Hamer 518 (AMES). PANAMA: Chiriqui: Quebrada Aleman, north of Los Planes de Hornito, alt. 1200 m, 13 Mar. 1982, S. Knapp, W.J. Kress & B. Hammel 4150 (MO); below Fortuna dam, alt. 1100 m, 16 Feb. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. & K. Dressier 10576 (MO). GUATEMALA: San Marcos: above San Rafael, alt. 1600 m, 13 July 1977, T.B. Croat 40913 (MO). Alta Verapaz: Finca Chicatal, near Coban, collected and cultivated by Oscar Archila, 13 Feb. 1990, C. Luer 14636 (MO). MEXICO: Chiapas: east of Comitan, Lake Tziscao, alt. 1350 m, 12 Mar. 1936, O. Nagel 5493 (AMES). This species is widely distributed, occasionally abundantly so, across Central America. It varies in the shape of the leaves from broadly elliptical to narrowly obovate. The usually deep purple flowers are borne successively in a loose, weak, SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 67 flaccid raceme. The tip of the dorsal sepal is variously thickened into a concave, thimble-like tube, or a solid finger-like extension. Sometimes the apex is totally free of any such development. The lip is even more variable with calli and lateral lobes above the middle with a constriction below the apical segment. There is no correlation between variations of the apex of the dorsal sepal and lobes of the lip, the variations apparently occurring at random within a population. Specklinia simpliciflora (Dod) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis simpliciflora Dod, Moscosoa 1(2): 51, 1977. Ety.: From the Latin simpliciflorus, “with simple flowers.” Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender but as broad as the ramicauls. Ramicauls slender, 6-10 mm long, enclosed by 2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaves erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptic- obovate, subacute to obtuse, petiolate, 10-18 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, cuneate below into a petiole 2-4 mm long. Inflorescence an erect, simultaneously few-flowered raceme, to 20 mm long including the peduncle 7-10 mm long, from a node near the end of the ramicaul; floral bract infundibular, 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel 1.2 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal elliptical- oblong, acute, thick at the tip, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, faintly 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblique, con¬ nate basally, 2.75 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, 1-veined, the apex acute, thickened; petals translucent, obo- vate-spathulate, obtuse, with the margin minutely erose, 1.5 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined; lip ob¬ long, 1.75 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, round at the apex, the margins microscopically erose, the disc shal¬ lowly channeled between a pair of longitudinal calli below the apical quarter, the apical quarter with a low, subconical callus, cellular-verrucose, base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, winged above the basal third, minutely undulate, 1 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, with the anther hooded and the stigma ventral. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: El Cercado, Jorgillo, Loma Los Patios, alt. 1520 m, collected 19 Nov. 1973, flowered in cultivation in the Jardfn Botanico Nacional Dr. Rafael M. Moscoco, 12 Oct. 1976, D.D. Dod 582 (Holotype: SDM; Isotype: NY); same collection flowered in cultivation in the Jardln Botanico Nacional, 15 May 1982, C. Luer illustr. 19034. This tiny species is apparently rare and endemic in the Dominican Republic, known only from the type collection. It is very similar to Specklinia formondii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase from Haiti. Both are small caespitose plants with a simultaneously few-flowered raceme. The sepals are free, carinate and acute, those of P. formondii being somewhat larger with the laterals connate. The spathulate petals of P. simpliciflora are minutely erose. The lip of both is longitudinally channeled between marginal calli below a low callus near the apex. The column- foot lacks calli seen in P. formondii. Specklinia spiculifera (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis spiculifera Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 43, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin spiculifer, “spicule-bearing,” probably referring to the habit. Syn.: Pleurothallis acutissima Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 43, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin acutissimus, “very acute,” probably referring to the leaves. Syn.: Pleurothallis sertularioides var. trinitensis Griseb., FI. Br. W. Ind. Is. 609, 1864. Ety.: Named for Trinidad where the species was collected. Plant small, epiphytic, long-repent, the rhizome slender, 5-10 mm long between ramicauls; roots slender along the rhizome. Ramicauls suberect, 2-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute to subacute, 7-17 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a loose, successively 3- to 4-flowered raceme, 20-45 mm long including the peduncle 15-20 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts glabrous, 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel 0.5-1.5 mm long; ovary 1-1.5 mm long; sepals light yellow to light rose, glabrous, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, 3.25-4 mm long, 0.9-1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblong to ovate, slightly oblique, acute to narrowly obtuse, 3.25-4 mm long, 0.7-1.4 mm wide, 2- to faintly 3- veined, barely connate at the base; petals narrowly elliptical, oblong, acute, acuminate, 3.3-4 mm long, 0.25-0.75 mm wide, l.-veined; lip yellow or red, glabrous, entire to ovate-trilobed, with the apex obtuse, 68 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 1.75-3 mm long, 1.3-1.6 mm wide across the lobes expanded when present, the lobes erect, below the middle with the anterior margin antrorse, acute or obtuse, the disc featureless or thickened along the midvein, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, winged above the middle, dentate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. BRAZIL: Amazonas: San Carlos del Rio Negro, Oct. 1853, R. Spruce 3154 (Holotype of Pleurothallis spiculifera : K; Isotypes: P, W), C. Luer illustr. 18920; near San Gabriel da Cachoeira, Rio Negro, Jan.- Aug. 1852, R. Spruce 2302 (holotype of R acutissima : K; isotypes: BR, P, W), C. Luer illustr. 18921. Para Compey, Aug. 1854, Wullschlegel 1588 (W); Mun. Guainla, 25 Jan. 1998, G.A. Romero et al. 3189 (AMES, TFAV), C. Luer illustr. 18783. TRINIDAD: Arima, Feb. 1840, Dr. Bradford s.n. (holotype of P. polygonoides var. trinitensis : K); Arima, 1877-1800, A. Fendler 794 (K); Aripo, 16 Apr. 1908, W.E. Broadway 2333 (AMES); Aripo Savannah, 13 Feb. 1915, W.G. Freeman s.n. (AMES, TRIN); 26 June 1925, W.E. Broadway s.n. (K); Mora Forest between Valencia and Sangre Grande, 26 Aug. 1977, D. Philcox & P. Maas 8229 (K); near summit of El Tucuche, 5 Sept. 1979, P.M. Catling & K.L. Catling s.n. (AMES), C. Luer illustr. 18925. TOBAGO: sine loc., (“var. trinitensis”), 7 Nov. 1909, W.E. Broadway 3014 (BR); sine loc., Catling s.n. (AMES), C. Luer illustr. 18925. GUYANA: Schomburgk s.n. (W); June 1841, Drake & W.N. Campbell s.n. (W); Barama Falls, Nov. 1896, E.F. im Thurn 70 (K), C. Luer illustr. 18923; Amakuru Falls, 26 July 1897, (acute lobes) E.F. im Thurn 70 (K), C. Luer illustr. 18923; Macea Falls, Waini River, July 1906, J.E. Becket 8503 (K), C. Luer illustr. 18922; Upper Mazaruni District, adjacent to Eboropu Mountain, alt. 470 m, 5 Apr. 1979, P.J. Edwards 1150 (K). SURINAME: Region Para, Wullschlegel 1588 (BR). FRENCH GUIANA: Montagne de la Trinite, 15 Jan. 1984, J.J. de Granville 6289 (CAY, MO, P, U); Saut Vata, Bassin du Sinnmary, 3 Oct. 1993, G. Cremers 13251 (CAY). ECUADOR: Napo: Bermejo, alt. 450-600 m, Apr. 1990, A. Hirtz 4835 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 15325. BOLIVIA: La Paz: Sud Yungas, Alto Beni, alt. 930 m, 1 Sept. 1991, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. Vasquez & L. Moreno 15397 (MO). This little species is variable in its wide distribution in lowland northern South America from Ecuador across Amazonian Brazil to Trinidad and French Guiana. All collections are long-repent with very short ramicauls and erect, narrow leaves that are surpassed by a successively few-flowered raceme. The sepals are widely expanded, and the narrow petals are as long as, or longer than the sepals. The lip is variously three-lobed below the middle. In Spruce’s type collection of Specklinia spiculifera , the lobes are indistinct, merely rounded sides that occupy the lower half of the lip. In his type collection of Pleurothallis acutissima , the lobes are erect, uncinate and antrorse. All degrees between the two extremes occur. See illustra¬ tions 35a. and 35b. Specklinia stillsonii (Dod) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis stillsonii Dod, Moscosoa 3: 107, 1984. Ety.: Named in honor of Lester Stillson who first collected this species. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose, forming dense tufts; roots fleshy, broader than the rami¬ cauls. Ramicauls slender, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by 2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaves overlapping, coriaceous, subcircular, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 5-8 mm long, 3.5-5 mm wide, margined and minutely ciliate-denticulate, cuneate below into a petiole ca. 1 mm long. Inflorescence a single, orange flower, sometimes followed by a second; peduncle less than 1 mm long, from a node near the base of the ramicaul; floral bract tubular, 1.5 mm long; pedicel 5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal elliptical-ovate, acute, concave, 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an oblong-ovate synsepal, 5 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the apex obtuse, minute¬ ly bifid; petals translucent, narrowly elliptical-obovate, subacute, 2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined; lip purple, thick, oblong, 1.75 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, round at the apex, the margins minutely ciliate, the disc shallowly channeled between a pair of longitudinal calli along the middle two-thirds the length, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete with marginal wings, dentate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, with the anther hooded and the stigma ventral. HAITI: Massif de la Hotte, Camp Perrin, above Riviere Glace, alt. 850 m, collected 23 Apr. 1992, flow¬ ered in cultivation 19 Oct. 1982, D. Dod 894 (Holotype: JBSD; Isotypes: AMES, MO, NY, US), C. Luer illustr. 9151; Massif de la Hotte, Les Cayes, Formond, alt. 1150 m, flowered in cultivation 28 Oct. 1982, D.D. Dod 899 (JBSD). SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 69 This minute species is apparently uncommon and endemic in the mountains of Haiti, along with the very similar Specklinia mornicola (Mansf.) Luer. Specklinia stillsonii is similarly characterized by little tufts of overlapping leaves, but the leaves are subcircular and minutely denticulate. One orange flower, or sometimes two according to Dod, is produced by a very short peduncle and a short pedicel. The dorsal sepal and synsepal are similar; the petals are obovate and acute; and the lip is oblong, minutely ciliate, and shallowly channeled centrally. Specklinia still¬ sonii may prove to be a variation of S. mornicola. Specklinia trichyphis (Rchb.f.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis trichyphis Rchb.f., Flora 48: 276, 1866. Ety.: One of Reichenbach’s cryptic, indecipherable, Greek proposals. Plant minute, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender, as thick as the ramicaul. Ramicauls slender, 1.5- 1.75 mm long, enclosed with 2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, obtuse, sessile, 4-5.5 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, cuneate below into the base. Inflorescence a congested, 2- to 3- flowered fascicle of successive flowers, borne by an erect peduncle, 10-12 mm long, from a node about the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, 1-1.25 mm long; pedicels 1.5 mm long; 0.5 mm long; sepals membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal elliptical, acute, 3 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, 3-veined, free from the lateral sepals, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, obtuse, minutely bifid, bicarinate lamina, 2.8 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2-veined; petals translucent, membranous, elliptical, obtuse, 1.2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip elliptical-oblong, 1.8 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, with the apex broadly round¬ ed, the disc featureless, 3-veined, the base truncate, delicately hinged to the tip of the column-foot, hinged to the rounded tip of the column-foot; column semiterete, shallowly winged, 1 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot thick, 0.5 mm long. CUBA: 1860-64, C. Wright 3345 (Holotype: K; Isotypes: AMES, BR, HAC, P, W-drawing); C. Luer illustr. 19021. This extremely small species is probably not as rare as the single collection known would seem to suggest. The tiny, clustered leaves about five millimeters long, and hidden in mosses, would be difficult to see and identify. A few, succes¬ sive flowers are produced in a congested fascicle borne by a hair-like peduncle about one centimeter long. The flowers are membranous with the dorsal sepal and synsepal acute. The petals are membranous and obtuse. The lip is elliptical, round¬ ed at the apex, and three-veined. Specklinia wrightii (Rchb.f.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 265, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis wrightii Rchb.f., Flora 48: 276, 1865. Ety.: Named in honor of C. Wright who collected this species among numerous other Cuban species. Syn.: Pleurothallis richteri H.Dietrich, Die Orchidee 35(6): 223, 1984. Ety.: Named for Walter Richter, well-known contemporary grower of orchids and bromeliads. Plant very small, epiphytic, densely caespitose to shortly repent; roots slender but proportionately thick. Ramicauls erect, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse or rounded at the apex, subpetiolate, 5-6 mm long including a petiole ca. 0.5 mm long, 3.5-4 mm wide, 1.5 mm thick, the base broadly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a single, ?successive flower, borne by an erect peduncle 2 mm long, from a node on the ramicaul; floral bract infundibular, acute, 1 mm long; pedicel 1 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals fleshy, thickened at the apex, glabrous, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, narrowly obtuse, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 1- veined, the lateral sepals ovate-triangular, narrowly obtuse, 3.5 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, barely 2- veined, forming a shallow mentum with the column-foot, connate basally; petals membranous, glabrous, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined; lip thick, oblong, narrowed to a thick, subtruncate apex, 2.4 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, the disc shallowly channeled centrally between thickened halves, the base subtruncate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column narrowly winged above the 70 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM middle, 1.5 mm long, minutely denticulate at the apex, the anther and stigma ventral, the foot 1.5 mm long with a pair of globular calli at the base of the foot. CUBA: Oriente, near Monte Verde, Jan.-July 1859, C. Wright 1509 (Holotype: K; Isotypes: BR, K, LE, W, illustr. only); sine loc., collected with P. murex, C. Wright s.n. (W), C. Luer illustr. 18916. Guanta¬ namo: Baracoa, Viega de la Palma, near Rio Duaba, 20 Feb. 1979, J. Bisse, H. Dietrich et al, s.n. (holo¬ type of Pleurothallis richteri: HAJB). This tiny species is apparently endemic in eastern Cuba. It is another eighteenth century collection by Charles Wright and described by Reichenbach. His sketch is at W, and a few isotypes are extant, but no flowers remain. However, an unidenti¬ fied collection by Wright was found at W mounted on a sheet with Pleurothallis murex Rchb.f. Hydration of a flower reveals it to match Reichenbach’s sketch of Specklinia wrightii (Rchb.f.) Luer. The sepals are narrowly obtuse and described as being purple. The petals are narrowly obovate and obtuse. The lip is oblong with a narrowed and thickened apex, as described and seen in his sketch. A pair of globu¬ lar calli are present on the column-foot which was not noted by Reichenbach. I have not had the good fortune to illustrate many of these minute species first collected by Wright from fresh or pickled fresh flowers. Consequently, the present¬ ed illustrations have been made from dry material, which is often of inferior quality. Specklinia yucatanensis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lind- leyana 16: 260, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis yucatanensis Ames & C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 1(2): 4, 1932. Ety.: Named for state of Yucatan where the species was collected. Syn.: Anathallis yucatanensis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Solano & Soto Arenas, Icon. Orch. (Mex.) 5-6: XI, 2003. Plant small, epiphytic, shortly repent, rhizome 1-2 mm long between ramicauls; roots proportionate¬ ly thick, scattered along the rhizome. Ramicauls erect, stout, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by a thin, tubular sheath. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, narrowly elliptical to narrowly obovate, obtuse, 8-18 mm long, 2- 5 mm wide, cuneate below into the base. Inflorescence a loose raceme of 2-3 successive flowers, 10- 30 mm long including the filiform peduncle 10-15 mm long, emerging laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1-1.5 mm long; pedicels 1-1.5 mm long; ovary 0.6-0.75 mm long; sepals yellow-green, glabrous, carinate, thicker toward the apex, the dorsal sepal narrowly oblong-ovate, acute, concave in lower half, 3- 3.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined (or faintly 3-veined), the lateral sepals free, narrowly oblong-ovate, acute, 2.5-3 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined (or faintly 2-veined); petals translucent, narrowly ovate- triangular, thickened toward the apex, acute, 2.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; lip yellow, oblong, rounded at the apex, 1.5 mm long, 0.3-0.5 mm wide, the margins thin and erect below the middle, cellular-pubes¬ cent, the disc slightly convex, featureless, the base truncate without a pair of lobules, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete with irregular wings, microscopically denticulate, 1 mm long, the foot stout, ca. 0.25 mm long, with the anther shortly hooded and the stigma ventral. MEXICO: Yucatan: Campeche, Tuxpena, 8 Nov. 1931, C.L. Lundell 912 (Holotype: AMES; Isotype: US). Quintana Roo: Municip. Othon P. Blanco, north of La Union, alt. 50 m, 5 Dec. 1997, G. Carnevali et al. 4544 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 19042. GUATEMALA: Izabal: Virginia, M.W. Lewis 26 (AMES); near Puerto Barrios, La Vigia, between Bananera and Quirigua, M.W. Lewis 26 (AMES). Baja Verapaz: Montana El Quisis, alt. 1800 m, col¬ lected by and cultivated by H. Ibanez in Coban, 27 Nov. 1990, C. Luer 14859 (MO); near Coban, col¬ lected and cultivated by O. Mittlestaedt in Coban, 27 Nov. 1990, C. Luer 14833 (MO). BELIZE: south of Orange Walk, collected by Fred Fuchs, flowered in cultivation Nov. 1974, C. Luer 0141 (SEL). NICARAGUA: Jinotega: Mt. Kilambe, alt. 1170 m, A.H. Heller 11011 (SEL, drawing). Specklinia yucatanensis is distinguished by a short, creeping rhizome; ramicauls with thick, erect, narrowly obovate leaves; a loose, few-flowered raceme of small yellow flowers slightly longer than the leaves; non-glandular pedicels and floral bracts; acute sepals and petals; and an oblong lip with a rounded apex and thin, erect margins below the middle, not lobulate. It is superficially similar to Pan¬ morphia sertularioides (Sw.) Luer, which is distinguished by the minute lateral lobes and basal lobules of the lip. ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 71 72 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 5. Specklinia curtisii 2 mm Fig. 7. Specklinia dodii Fig. 8. Specklinia feuilletii ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 73 1 mm Fig. 9. Specklinia fiosculifera Fig. 10. Specklinia formondii Fig. 12. Specklinia grisebachiana 74 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 3 mm 2 mm Fig. 14. Specklinia jesupii 2 mm Fig. 15a. Specklinia lanceola Fig. 15b. Specklinia lanceola Specklinia lateritia ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 75 Fig. 16. Specklinia lichenicola Fig. 18. Specklinia microphylla Fig. 19. Specklinia minuta 76 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 22. Specklinia momicola Fig. 23. Specklinia mucronata ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 77 Fig. 26. Specklinia ordinata Fig. 27. Specklinia pectinifera 78 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 29. Specklinia pisinna Fig. 30. Specklinia producta Fig. 31. Specklinia recula ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 79 Fig. 33. Specklinia segregatifolia 5 cm Fig. 32b. Specklinia schaferi Specklinia haitiensis 2 mm Fig. 34. Specklinia simpliciflora 80 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 35a. Specklinia spiculifera Fig. 35b. Specklinia spiculifera, above Pleurothallis acutissima, below Fig. 37. Specklinia trichyphis ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 81 Fig. 38. Specklinia wrightii Fig. 39. Specklinia yucatanensis 82 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM ANDREETTAEA Andreettaea Luer, Selbyana2: 183, 1978. Type: Andreettaea ocellus Luer, Selbyana 2: 183, 1978. Ety.: Named for Padre Angel Andreetta, presently of Paute, Ecuador, co-collector of this species. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Andreettaea (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 31, 1986. This is a unispecific genus from Ecuador distinguished by all three sepals connate at their tips, with the laterals parting for an aperture on the dorsum of the nonresupinate flower. Andreettaea ocellus Luer, Selbyana 2: 183, 1978. Type: Andreettaea ocellus Luer, Selbyana 2: 183, 1978. Ety.: From the Latin ocellus , “a little eye,” alluding to the parting of the lateral sepals on the upper surface of the flower. Syn.: Pleurothallis ocellus (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 31, 1986. Plant small, lithophytic, most likely also epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 4-7 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 1.5-2.5 cm long including the petiole 0.5-1 cm long, the blade 4-5 mm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, lax, successively 2- to 3-flowered raceme borne by a slender pedun¬ cle 1.5-2 cm long, borne from a node on the ramicaul; floral bracts thin, infundibular, 1 mm long; pedicel 1.5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals purple, glabrous, the middle sepal elliptical, acute, shortly acu¬ minate, 6.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 3-veined, connate to the lateral sepals for 3 mm to form an ovoid, non¬ resupinate flower, the lateral sepals uppermost, elliptical-oblong, acute, shortly acuminate, 6.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 2-veined, the laterals connate 2 mm, the distal 4 mm free, creating a dorsal opening into the interior of the flower, the apices of all 3 sepals connivent; petals translucent purple, elliptical, acute, acuminate, minutely serrate, 4 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip uppermost within the flower, purple, thick, oblong-trilobed, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apical half oblong, subverrucose, rounded- subtruncate, the basal half concave, long-villous between the involute sides, the lateral lobes just below the middle, acute, antrorse, the disc with a low pair of carinae extending from the lateral lobes onto the middle lobe near the middle, the base thick, fixed to the tip of the column-foot; column yellow, spotted with purple, semiterete, 2 mm long, longitudinally winged with the apex cucullate, the foot 2 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral; pollinia 2. ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: lithophytic in roadside ravine, east of Paute, alt. ca. 2800 m, 10 July 1977, C. Luer, J. Luer, G. Luer & A. Andreetta 1661 (Holotype: SEL); above Machangara, northwest of Cuenca, alt. ca. 2900 m, 8 Feb. 1978, C. Luer, J . Luer, & A. Andreetta 2495 (SEL). Vegetatively, this unique species is similar in habit to the numerous, small, caespitose species similar to Specklinia Lindl. Dark purple, non-resupinate flowers are produced successively in a loose, few-flowered raceme about as long as the leaves. The acuminate tips of all three sepals are connivent, only the uppermost lateral sepals parting above their middle to expose the undersurface of the tip of the lip within. The lip is concave and long-villous below the uncinate lateral lobes at the middle. Illustration: leones Pleurothallidinarum-III: 32, 1986, Plate 11, C. Luer illustr. 1661. ARELDIA Areldia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 255, 2004. Type: Pleurothallis dressleri Luer, Selbyana 3: 98, 1976. Ety.: Named for Dr. Robert L. Dressier (an acronym of RLD), formerly of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Canal Zone, who first collected this species. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Dresslera Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 38, 2004. This unispecific genus found in central Panama is distinguished by minute, round leaves and a flower several times larger with a crested, fringed lip with an erect, papular, digitiform process above the base. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 83 Areldia dressleri (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 255, 2004. Type: Pleurothallis dressleri Luer, Selbyana 3: 98, 1976. Ety.: Named for Robert L. Dressier, who originally discovered this species. Plant very small, but forming large clumps, epiphytic, repent, the rhizome relatively stout, branching, up to 8-10 cm long, 1-3 mm long between ramicauls, enclosed by 2 ribbed, tubular sheaths; roots proportionately thick. Ramicauls stout, suberect, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by a tubular sheath similar to those of the rhizome. Leaf light green, veined in dark green, prostrate, coriaceous, suborbicular, obtuse, minutely apiculate, minutely pusticulate, 2-4 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide, the base broadly cuneate or rounded, contracted into the a petiole 0.5 mm long. Inflorescence a successive, 1- to 3-flowered raceme, 5-7 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul below the abscission layer; floral bract thin, 1 mm long; pedicel 1 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal translu¬ cent yellow-brown, with 3 mottled stripes in purple, ovate, obtuse, shortly caudate-acuminate, carinate, 7.5 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals basally, the lateral sepals purple, ovate, oblique, acute, acuminate, 7.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, connate 2 mm; petals yellow, glabrous, obovate, obtuse, 3.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apical margin minutely irregular; lip red-brown with the center purple, subor¬ bicular, broadly rounded at the apex, lacerate, 2.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the disc concave between a pair of fringed crests below the middle, with an erect, cylindrical, tubercular appendage from the center of the base, the base subcordate, shortly hinged to the base of the column; column translucent pale yellow-green, broadly winged above the middle, 2.5 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, with a pair of thick calli, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. PANAMA: Panama: epiphytic on mossy limbs, Cerro Jefe, alt. 1000 m, 20 Aug. 1967, R.L. Dressier 3033 (Holotype: SEL); same locality, 8 Jan. 1969, R.L. Dressier 3600 (SEL); epiphytic along the Altos de Pacora road, alt. 6500 m, 4 Mar. 1976, C. Luer, J. Luer & P. Taylor 731 (SEL). This species, without close relatives, is apparently confined to a small area east of Panama City. Produced along a tiny, branching rhizome, the minute, round, watermelon-colored leaves lie upon each other in a tangled mass. The proportion¬ ately large flower, with twice the dimensions of the leaf, is held above the leaves. The sepals are purple with acuminate apices. The orbicular lip is bicrested and fringed, with an erect, warty, finger-like callus at the base. The column is broadly winged. Illustration: leones Pleurothallidinarum-III: 40, 1986, Plate 16, C. Luer illustr. 731: COVER ATOPOGLOSSUM Atopoglossum Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 255, 2004. Type: Pleurothallis ekmanii Schltr., Symb. Ant. 9: 61, 1923. Ety.: From the Greek atopoglossum , “a strange lip,” referring to the labellum. with eight pollinia being Octomeria. This endemic, Cuban genus is characterized by a trilobed lip fixed to the col¬ umn-foot, a narrowly winged column, and eight pollinia. The only other pleurothal- lid genera with eight pollinia are Octomeria R.Br. and Pleurothollopsis Porto & Brade, but these two genera are not vegetatively similar to Specklinia with abbrevi¬ ated ramicauls. Atopoglossum ekmanii (Schltr.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 255, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis ekmanii Schltr., Symb. Ant. 9: 61, 1923. Ety.: Named for the collector, E.L. Ekman. Syn.: Pleurothallis bovilabia C.Schweinf., Bull. Amer. Orch. Soc. 15: 235, 1946. Ety.: From the Latin bovilabius, “like a cow’s tongue,” referring to the labellum. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots comparatively fleshy. Ramicauls erect, 1-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical to narrowly elliptical, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 5-25 mm long, 3-6 mm wide, cuneate into the petiole less than 1 mm to 5 mm long. Inflorescence an erect, lightly flexuous, successively to simultaneously, several-flowered raceme, 3-10 cm long, including the peduncle 5-15 mm long, subtended by a spathe 1-2 mm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, 2 mm long; pedicels 1 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals light green, membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal elliptical, subacute, 5-6 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals free, elliptical, oblique, subacute to obtuse, 5-6 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-veined; 84 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM petals light green with a few large purple spots, elliptical, subacute, acuminate, 3-3.5 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, 1-veined; lip green, mottled with purple, trilobed, 3.75 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, 4 mm wide across lobes expanded, the apex sagittate-triangular above a constriction above apical fourth, subacute, oblong and concave below the apical fourth, with a pair of low, rounded calli at the constriction, the lateral lobes oblong, oblique, obtuse, near the middle, erect in the natural position and surrounding the column, the base thickened with incurved margins, solidly connate to the column-foot; column slender, semiterete, 3 mm long, the foot 1 mm long, the anther with 8 pollinia, rostellum and stigma ventral. CUBA: Holguin: Sierra de Cristal, alt. 1325 m, E.L. Ekman 6831 (Holotype: S); Moa, Monte de la Brena, alt. 500 m, Bros. Leon, Clement, Chrysogone & Alain 22586 (holotype of P. bovilabia : AMES; Isotype: HAC); Moa, Aereopuerto de Moa, 9 Apr. 1945, J. Acuna & J.T. Roig 8604 (HAC); Aereopuerto de Moa, 9 Apr. 1945, J. Acuna 12388 (HAJB, US); Moa, Cerro de Cananova, 20 July 1949, Bros. Alain & Clemente A. 1004 (HAC); Sierra Nipe, near Woodfred, rocky arroyos, alt. 400-550 m, 18 Jan. 1910, J.A. Schafer 3584 (NY); Moa, camino a La Melba, Arroyo Las Comadres, alt. 350 m, C. Luer, J. Luer, M. Diaz, J . Llamacho, J. Ackerman, R. & K. Dressier 18657 (HAJB; MO); Moa, camino al Toldo, Alto de La Calinga, alt. 950 m, collected by J. Llamacho, 30 Nov. 1997, C. Luer, J. Luer, M. Diaz, J. Lla¬ macho, J. Ackerman, K. & R. Dressier 18659, 18660 (HAJB, MO). This species, apparently endemic in the low mountains of the eastern Cuba, is characterized by the small tufted plant and an elongated raceme of proportionately large flowers, but the size of the flowers varies greatly. The light green sepals are free, obtuse and connivent, and the petals and lip are spotted with purple. The lip is constricted below a sagittate apex, and a pair of erect, oblong lateral lobes surround the column. A circular callus is present at the base of the lip that is thickened and solidly connate to the column-foot. Eight pollinia of equal size are contained free within the anther cap. Illustration: Fig. 40, herein, C. Luer illustr. 18657. Atopoglossum excentricum (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 255, 2004. Bas.: Octomeria excentrica Luer, Lindleyana 14: 106, 1999. Ety.: From the Latin excentricus, “off center, eccentric,” referring to the odd lip. Syn.: Pleurothallis excentrica (Luer) Luer, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3: 50, 2001. Plant very small, epiphytic, shortly repent, the rhizome up to 2 cm long, 1 mm long between rami- cauls; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 1.5 mm long, enclosed by a loose, tubular sheath. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, narrowly linear-elliptical, acute, 9-12 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate, sessile. Inflorescence a short raceme, borne by a peduncle 1.5 mm long, from a node on the ramicaul, with a loose sheath 1.5 mm long; floral bract tubular, 1 mm long; pedicel 1 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; flowers: sepals purple, yellow toward the base, glabrous, fleshy, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, concave, 4.25 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, 3-veined, connate to the lateral sepals for 0.5 mm, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, concave, bicarinate, biapiculate synsepal, 4.25 mm long, 3 mm wide unex¬ panded, 2-veined; forming a rounded mentum with the column-foot; petals membranous, elliptical- obovate, acute, 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip ovate, trilobed, 3 mm long, 2 mm wide across the lobes expanded, the apex narrowly rounded, minutely denticulate, papillose, the lateral lobes short, acute, antrorse, near the middle, the basal angles thick, erect, broadly rounded, the disc shallowly con¬ cave between a pair of minutely tuberculate calli from the bases of the lobes to the apical third, with a circular structure on the basal fourth that is concave anteriorly and elevated with a curved callus above the base, the base broadly and firmly connate to the base of the column; column slender below the middle, winged above the middle, obtusely denticulate at the apex, 2 mm long, the anther with 8 pollinia and stigma ventral, the foot thick, 1 mm long. CUBA: Holguin: Moa, Rio Cayoguan, July 1949, Alain, Clemente & Crisegano A.896 bis (Holotype: AMES; Isotype Herb. Ch. F. Barker 15598), C. Luer illustr. This tiny species is characterized by a row of narrowly linear leaves produced by ramicauls about one and a half millimeters long and about one millimeter apart on a creeping rhizome. The flower appeared to have been borne singly, but later proved to be successively flowered. The dorsal sepal and synsepal barely separate, and the petals are proportionately large. The lip is ovoid with the apical half nar¬ rowly obtuse and papillose. Below the middle, the sides are thick and erect behind short, antrorse lateral lobes. Immediately above the base is a circular structure, concave anteriorly, and elevated with a curved callus at the base. The base is solid- SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 85 ly connate to the base of the column. The anther is eight-loculate with eight, free, pyriform pollinia. Illustration: Fig. 41, herein, C. Luer illustr. 18844. CHAMELOPHYTON Chamelophyton Garay, Orquideologia 9: 115, 1974. Type: Restrepia kegelii Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 133, 1877 [= Chamelophyton kegelii (Rchb.f.) Garay]. Ety.: From the Greek chamelophyton , “a ground-creeping plant,” referring to the repent habit. Syn.: Garayella Brieger, Trab. Cong. Nac. Bot. 42, 1975 [= Chamelophyton Garay]. Ety.: Named for Leslie Garay, author of the genus. This genus is distinguished by a creeping, round-leaved habit; a single-flowered inflorescence; and six pollinia. Chamelophyton kegelii (Rchb.f.) Garay, Orquideologia 9: 115, 1974. Bas.: Restrepia kegelii Rchb.f., Linnaea 41: 133, 1877. Ety.: Named for Hermann Aribert Heinrich Kegel, nineteenth century German botanist, who collect¬ ed this species. Syn.: Barbosella kegelii (Rchb.f.) Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 15: 262, 1918. Syn.: Pleurothallis hexandra Garay & Dunsterv., Venez. Orch. Illustr. 3: 252, 1965, not Pleurothallis kegelii Rchb.f., 1877. Ety.: From the Greek hexandrus, “six, male,” referring to the six pollinia. Syn.: Garayella hexandra (Garay & Dunst.) Brieger, Trab. Cong. Nac. Bot. 42, 1977. Plant small, epiphytic, repent, the rhizome stout, 3-5 mm long between ramicauls, with 2 sheaths; roots proportionately thick, from along the rhizome. Ramicauls stout, 1 mm long, enclosed by a loose, tubular sheath. Leaf suberect to prostrate, thickly coriaceous, pustular-verrucose, broadly elliptical to circular, obtuse to rounded, 7-12 mm long, including an indistinct petiole less than 1 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, contracted below into the base. Inflorescence a single flower, borne by a peduncle 1-1.5 mm long, laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.5 mm long; pedicel 0.5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals fleshy, glabrous, pale brown, suffused with purple, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal oblong-elliptical, obtuse, 6.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, barely connate to the lateral sepals, the lateral sepals connate into an ovoid, concave, obtuse, shortly bifid synsepal, 6.5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide unexpanded, 6-veined; petals glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 3-veined, slightly verrucose at the apex; lip fleshy, brown, suffused and spotted with purple, obovate-trilobed, 4.5 mm long, 2.75 mm wide, the apex broadly rounded, cellular-glandular, the disc shallowly concave between a pair of calli on the middle third, the lobes below the middle, broadly falcate, antrorse, obtuse, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, minutely denticulate at the apex, 2.5 mm long, the foot 1.5 mm long, the anther and stigma hooded and ventral, pollinia 6. SURINAME: shady forest near Mariepaston, May 1846, H.A.H. Kegel 1355 (Holotype: W). VENEZUELA: Bolivar: New Orchid Island, Rio Carrao, alt. ca. 1,600 ft., Dec. 1962, G.C.K. Dunster- ville 751 (holotype of P. hexandra : AMES), C. Luer illustr. 11398. This little species occurs infrequently in northeastern South America. It is characterized by the prostrate, round, verrucose leaves produced by a creeping rhizome. The single, fleshy flower is borne by a short, pedicel and peduncle. The dorsal sepal, concave synsepal, and petals are obtuse. The lip is three-lobed below the middle and bicarinate centrally. The column is semiterete, and the anther con¬ tains six pollinia, four large, and two smaller. Illustration: Icones-I: 22, 1986, Plate 5, C. Luer illustr. 11398. DONDODIA Dondodia Luer, gen. nov. Type: Cryptophoranthus erosus Garay, J. Arnold. Arb. 50: 462, 1969 [= Dondodia erosa (Garay) Luer]. Ety.: Named for the Rev. Donald D. Dod, indefatigable collector of Hispaniolan orchids, who also discovered this most unusual taxon. Folia denticulata. Florae proportione grandissimae. Sepala ad apices adhaerenta synsepalo cynbi- formi. Labellum crassum, late ovatum, verrucossimum erossimumque. 86 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This is a unispecific genus, endemic on Hispaniola, with the description of the species sufficing for the genus. Dondodia erosa (Garay) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Cryptophoranthus erosus Garay, J. Arnold. Arb. 50: 462, 1969 [=Dondodia erosa (Garay) Luer]., not Pleurothallis erosa Urb., 1917. Ety.: From the Latin erosus , “erose,” referring to the foliage. Syn.: Pleurothallis cymbiformis Dod, Moscosoa 3: 101, 1984, replaced name for Cryptophoranthus erosus Garay. Ety.: From the Latin cymbiformis , “boat-shaped,” referring to the synsepal. Syn.: Specklinia erosa (Garay) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots proportionately thick. Ramicauls stout, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, with denticulate-erose margins, subpetiolate, 16-27 mm long including a petiole ca. 2 mm long, 5-8 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a single flower borne by a peduncle 2-3 mm long, later¬ ally from the ramicaul; floral bract oblique, acute, 5 mm long; pedicel 1 mm long with a filament 3 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals dark purple, glabrous within, cellular-papular externally, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, concave, subacute, 13 mm long, 7.5 mm wide expanded, with 1 visible vein, connate basally to the lateral sepals for 0.5 mm, lightly adherent at the tip, the lateral sepals connate into a con¬ cave, ovoid, obtuse synsepal, 11.5 mm long, 11 mm wide expanded; petals glabrous, elliptical, acute, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 1-veined; lip thick, verrucose, broadly ovate, rounded at the apex, 3 mm long, 3 mm wide, the margins denticulate-erose, the disc with a pair of low, verrucose calli near the middle, the base broadly subtruncate, hinged with a short, narrow, slender claw to the tip of the column- foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 2 mm long, the anther and stigma ven¬ tral, the foot 1 mm long. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Constanza: vicinity of Constanza, collected by D.D. Dod, cultivated by A.H. Liogier 13508 (Holotype: NY), C. Luer illustr. 14805; El Convento, Dec. 1968, D. Dod 125 (NY). This little species is characterized by a tuft of minutely denticulate-erose leaves borne by much shorter ramicauls. The proportionately large, dark purple flower is borne singly by a short peduncle. The deeply concave synsepal and the concave dorsal sepal are adherent at the tips to form wide, lateral apertures, in a manner seen in several other taxa, i.e. Cryptophoranthus Barb.Rodr., and Zootrophion Luer. The lip is broadly ovate and coarsely verrucose and erose. Illustration: Fig. 42, herein, C. Luer illustr. 14805. GERARDOA Gerardoa Luer, gen. nov. Type: Pleurothallis montezumae Luer, Lindleyana 11: 83, 1996. Ety.: Named for Gerardo Herrera Ch., indefatigable collector of Costa Rican orchids. Habitus grandis. Folium longipetiolatum. Pedicelus abbreviatus. Sepala lateralium semiconnata infra medium concava. Ovarium undulatum. Labellum verrucosum apiculatum. Gerardoa is a unispecific genus with the description of the species sufficing for the genus. Gerardoa montezumae (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis montezumae Luer, Lindleyana 11: 83, 1996. Ety.: Named for Cerro Montezuma where the species was discovered. Syn.: Specklinia montezumae (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Plant medium in size, epiphytic, caespitose, roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, brown, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, long-petiolate, 9-15 cm long including a slender petiole 3-5 cm long, the blade elliptical, acute, 2-3.2 cm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a successively two-flowered raceme, the flowers 0.5 cm apart, borne by a slender peduncle 1-1.5 cm long, from low on the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicel 5 mm long; ovary crested, 1.5 mm long; sepals orange-brown, glabrous, tall-carinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, apicu- late, concave below the apical third, 12 mm long, 6 mm wide, 5-veined, the lateral sepals connate 5 mm to above the middle into an elliptical-obovoid, bifid, bicarinate, synsepal, concave below the middle, with a small mentum below the tip of the column-foot, convex above the middle, 12 mm long, 9 mm wide together expanded, each 3-veined, the apices obtuse, apiculate; petals oblong, obtuse, minutely SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 87 apiculate, 4 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, 1-veined; lip oblong, 4.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, with the distal half verrucose and denticulate, obtuse, apiculate from beneath, the disc shallowly channeled between converging calli above the middle, flattened below the middle, the base subtruncate, hinged beneath to the column-foot; column semiterete, 3.5 mm long, with the apex denticulate, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 2.5 mm long, concave toward the apex below a converging pair of calli. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Upala, Bijuagua, Finca Montezuma, ladera sur de Cerro Montezuma, alt. 600 m, 18 July 1993, G. Herrera 6280 (Holotype: K; Isotype: CR), C. Luer illustr. 17272. This unique species, rare and endemic in Costa Rica, is superficially similar to Sarcinula fulgens (Rchb.f.) Luer, but differs in the elongated petiole of the large, broadly elliptical leaf, and a very short peduncle that bears a successive and distant¬ ly two-flowered raceme. The flowers of the two species are of similar orange color and size, but in Gerardoa montezumae , the sepals are tall-carinate and apiculate; the lateral sepals are semiconnate and concave below the middle; and the lip is verru¬ cose and denticulate above the middle and without lateral lobes. Most curious is the column-foot that is concave between a pair of calli as seen in some species of Zootrophion Luer, and the ovary is undulate-crested as well. In habit, size, and color of the flower, Gerardoa montezumae is also superfi¬ cially similar to Sarcinula guanacastensis (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer, which also has a lobeless lip with a verrucose apical half. The floral parts of G. montezumae differ similarly as from S. fulgens. Illustration: Fig. 43, herein, C. Luer illustr. 17272. INCAEA Incaea Luer, gen. nov. Type: Pleurothallis yupanki Luer & R.Vasquez, Phytologia 55: 203, 1984. Ety.: Named for the Inca who built the stone fortress where this species now lives. Planta minuta repens. Folia late elliptici plani. Sepala glabra supra medium connata. Labellum glabrum. This is a unispecific genus from Bolivia characterized by a repent rhizome with minute, broadly elliptical leaves and a solitary flower with glabrous, semiconnate sepals, and a glabrous lip. The description of the species suffices for the genus. Incaea yupanki (Luer & Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Ety.: Named for chief Inca Yupanki who built the stone buildings, now in ruins, upon which this species grows. Bas.; Pleurothallis yupanki Luer & Vasquez, Phytologia 55: 203, 1984. Syn.: Masdevallia hornii Koniger, Die Orchidee 42(4): 190, 1991. Ety.: Named for Peter Horn of Greisling bei Miinchen, collector of the species. Syn.: Specklinia yupanki (Luer & Vasquez) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 265, 2004. Plant very small, lithophytic, repent, 2-3 cm long, appressed upon the substrate, the rhizome comparatively stout, 1 mm thick, 0.5 mm long between ramicauls, enclosed by 1-2 deciduous, tubular sheaths; roots 1-1.5 mm thick; ramicauls stout, ca. 0.5 mm long, enclosed by a deciduous, tubular sheath. Leaf prostrate, thickly coriaceous, smooth, suffused with dark purple, broadly elliptical, 4-5 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, 1-1.5 mm thick, the apex obtuse to rounded, minutely apiculate, the base cuneate into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a single, proportionately large flower followed at intervals by 1-2 others in a congested raceme, the peduncle 0.5 mm long from the base of the leaf; pedicel 1 mm long; floral bract 1-1.5 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long;sepals fleshy, dark purple, glabrous, the dorsal sepal elliptical, obtuse, concave, 4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, connate to the lateral sepals for 2.25 mm to form a subspherical tube, the lateral sepals connate to above the middle into an arcuate, concave, bifid synsepal with obtuse apices, 3.5 mm long, 2.75 mm wide unexpanded; petals purple, glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 2 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 1-veined; lip purple, oblong-trilobed, 2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the apex rounded, the lateral lobes erect, shortly triangular, below the middle, the base truncate, minutely biauriculate, hinged to the column-foot; column terete, longitudinally winged above the middle, 1.5 mm long, denticulate at the apex, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 0.75 mm long. 88 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: lithophytic on stone Inca ruins east of Samaipata, alt. 2500 m, Nov. 1982, R. Vasquez & N. Williams s.n. (Holotype: SEL), C. Luer illustr. 8524; lithophytic on stony outcrops at Ruinas El Fuerte near Samaipata, alt. 1950 m, 29 Nov. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer & W. Teague 16502 (MO); same locality, collected Mar. 1987, flowered in cultivation Feb. 1991 by P. Horn (holotype of M. hornii: M; isotypes: K, LPB). Superficially similar to Phloeophila Hoehne & Schltr., this minute, creeping species has been known to grow on stones of the Inca ruins near Samaipata, Bolivia, for many years. Koniger (1991) described it as a Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. It is characterized by tiny, broadly elliptical, overlapping leaves appressed to mossy stone, and a purple flower as large as the leaf. The glabrous sepals are connate near the middle into a subcircular flower. The petals are oblong and obtuse, and the lip is smooth and oblong with minute, acute, marginal angles just below the middle. Illustration: Fig. 44, herein, C. Luer illustr. 8524. LOMAX Lomax Luer, gen. nov. Type: Physosiphon punctulatus Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 24: 385, 1866, not Pleurothallis punctulata Rolfe, 1888. Ety.: The name Lomax is without meaning, in allusion to the unknown relationship to other species. Racemus multiflorus folio brevicaule multilongior. Sepala carnosa in tubum non constrictum semi- connata. The single species of this genus was described by Reichenbach (1866) in Physo¬ siphon Lindl., because of the semiconnate sepals. Lomax punctulata (Rchb.f) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Physosiphon punctulatus Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 24: 385, 1866, not Pleurothallis punctulata Rolfe, 1888. Ety.: From the Latin punctulatus, “spotted,” referring to the sepals. Syn.: Physosiphon minor Rendle, J. Bot. 38: 275, 1900 [=Lomaxpunctulata (Rchb.f) Luer]. Ety.: From the Latin minor (minor, the comparative of parvus), “smaller,” referring to the size of the flower in relation to that of Physosiphon guatemalensis Rolfe [= Physosiphon tubatus (Lodd.) Rchb.f. 1861]. Syn.: Physosiphon cooperi Ames, Sched. Orch. 1: 2, 1922 \=Lomaxpunctulata (Rchb.f) Luer]. Ety.: Named for the collector, Juan J. Cooper. Syn.: Pleurothallis minor (Rendle) L.O.Williams, Ceiba 1: 186, 1950 [ -Lomaxpunctulata (Rchb.f) Luer Syn.: Stelispunctulata (Rchb.f.) Solano & Soto Arenas, Icon. Orch. (Mex.) 5-6, t. 690, 2003. Syn.: Specklinia minor (Rendle) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect, 5-15 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, obtuse, petiolate, 20-30 mm long including a petiole 3-5 mm long, 9-12 mm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a subse- cund, simultaneously flowered raceme, 10-18 cm long including the slender petiole ca. 3 cm long, borne laterally from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts thin, 3 mm long; pedicels 3 mm long; ovary 2.5 mm long; sepals yellow, suffused with purple below the middle, fleshy, glabrous, the dorsal sepal ellipti¬ cal, obtuse, concave, 4.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, connate to the lateral sepals for 2 mm to form a short, cylindrical tube, the lateral sepals oblong-ovate, shallowly concave, obtuse, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2-veined, connate basally for 1 mm; petals fleshy, purple, elliptical, subacute, 1.25 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, minutely verrucose externally; lip purple, fleshy, oblong, subtrilobed, 2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the apex thick, obtuse, verrucose, the margins broadly rounded and erect on the middle third, the base truncate, hinged on the end to the column-foot; column semiterete, winged above the middle, 1.75- 1.6 mm long, with the apex bidentate, the anther and stigma ventral. COSTA RICA: sine loc., ca. 1867, A. Endres 348 (W). Sine loc., cultivated by M.W. Barbey at Cham- besy near Geneva, Switzerland, collected by A. Tonduz s.n. (holotype of Ph. minor. G). Cartago: sine loc., alt. 5,000 ft., May 1888, Juan J. Cooper 481 (holotype of Ph. cooperi : US; isotype: AMES). San Jose: near San Isidro, alt. 2000-2500 m, collected by W. Weingarten, cultivated 28 Apr. 1977, A.S.W. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 89 Chantry s.n. (SEL), C. Luer illustr. 1608. Sine loc., cultivated at Glasnevin, Oct. 1901, by Moore s.n. (K). Sine loc., collected 12 Mar. 1934, flowered in cultivation at K, 401-1935, received from C.H. Lankester s.n. (K). GUATEMALA: Huehuetenango: northwest of Cuilco, Cerro Chiquihui above Carrizal, J.A. Steyermark 50803 (AMES). Erroneously presumed to be from “Neu Granada,” sine loc., cultivated in Wandsworth, West Hill, Oct. 1865, by S. Rucker s.n. (holotype of Physosiphon punctulatus: W). This species, without close relatives, is uncommon in Central America. Lomax punctulata is distinguished by a small habit; thick, petiolate, short-stemmed leaves; and a simultaneously and successively flowered raceme that far exceeds the leaves. The small, fleshy, yellow and purplish mottled or spotted sepals are connate half their length into a broad, non-constricted tube with the thick, free portions not widely spread. The petals are short and elliptic, and the lip is thick and oblong with a verrucose apex. Illustration: Fig. 45, herein, C. Luer illustr. 1608. LUERANTHOS Lueranthos Szlach. & Marg., Polish Bot. J. 46(2): 117, 2001. Type: Pleurothallis vestigipetala Luer, Selbyana 3: 404, 1977. Ety.: Named for C. Luer who described the species. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Aenigma sect. Vestigipetala Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 26, 1986. Type: Pleurothallis vestigipetala Luer, Selbyana 3: 404, 1977. This is a genus with a single species characterized by a creeping habit, free sepals, microscopic petals, and a simple lip wrapped around a cylindrical column. Lueranthos vestigipetalus (Luer) Szlach. & Marg., Polish Bot. J. 46(2): 117, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis vestigipetala Luer, Selbyana 3: 404, 1977. Ety.: From the Latin vestigipetalus , “with vestigial petals,” referring to the nearly non-existent petals. Plant small, epiphytic, long-repent, 10-20 cm long, the rhizomes stout, branching, ca. 5 mm long between ramicauls, roots slender. Ramicauls ascending, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 1-2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute, 10-25 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, narrowed below into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a loose, flexuous, successively few-flowered raceme 1-5 cm long, borne by a filiform peduncle from a node on the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicels 2-4 mm long; ovary 1-3 mm long; sepals yellow, glabrous, the dorsal sepal elliptical-ovate, slightly acuminate, acute, 6 mm long, 2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals similar, 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined; petals minute, ovate, ciliate, obtuse, 0.6 mm long, 0.2 mm wide, without visible vein; lip translucent yellow, elliptical with the sides recurved about the column, subacute, 2.75-3 mm long, 1.2 mm wide expanded, cellular pubescent externally, glabrous within, the base cuneate, attached to the base of the column; column semiterete, 3-4 mm long, footless, 1 'the anther and stigma apical. ECUADOR: Azuay: in trees along the stream from Lago Zaragucho, west of Cuenca, alt. 3000 m, 2 Mar. 1977, C. Luer, J. Luer & K. Cordoba 1496 (Holotype: SEL). Morona-Santiago: between Guamote and Macas, alt. 3000 m, 14 Oct. 2004, A. Hirtz et al. 9091 (MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: Loja-Zamora road, alt. 2700 m, 21 Mar. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 10730 (MO). Carchi: east of Gruta La Paz, alt. 3200 m, 13 Sept. 2004, A. Hirtz, W. & J. Coeck 9009 (MO). This species is widely distributed in Ecuador at high altitudes as it climbs in shrubby vegetation, often forming tangled masses. The rhizomes are stout and branching, bearing small, elliptical leaves. The racemes are loosely flexuous and usually surpassing the leaves. The three sepals spread widely to expose the erect, tubular column clasped by the thin lip. The minute, barely to be seen, vestigial petals cling to the sides of the base. Cleistogamous clones rare commonly forming fruit are not rare. Illustration: Icones-III: 28, 1986, Plate 9, C. Luer illustr. 10730. 90 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM M ADIS ONI A Madisonia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 258, 2004. Type: Pleurothallis kerrii Braga, Bradea 3: 172, 1981 [=Madisonia kerrii (Braga) Luer]. Ety.: Named in honor of Michael Madison, co-collector of the only species. This unispecific genus is distinguished by a creeping rhizome; abbreviated ramicauls; an elongated peduncle; a deep-chinned, single flower; and a saccate attachment of the lip to the column-foot. Madisonia kerrii (Braga) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 258, 2004. Bas.: Pleurothallis kerrii Braga, Bradea 3: 172, 1981 [ -Madisonia kerrii (Braga) Luer]. Ety.: Named in honor of Dr. Warwick E. Kerr, former director of I.N.P.A. Plant very small, epiphytic, long-repent, 20-30 cm long, the rhizomes 4-10 mm long between ramicauls, in 3 segments, each with a tubular, ribbed, ciliate sheath; roots slender. Ramicauls up to 1 mm long, enclosed by 1 tubular, ribbed, ciliate sheath. Leaf prone, thickly coriaceous, broadly elliptical to subcircular, obtuse, 4-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, contracted below into the sessile base. Inflorescence a loose, successively few-flowered raceme ca. 5 mm long, borne by an erect, filiform peduncle, 2.5-4 cm long, from the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicels 1.5 mm long; ovary 1.5-2 mm long; sepals purple, glabrous, the dorsal sepal elliptical-ovate, obtuse, slightly concave, 3.3 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate 1 mm into a bifid lamina 3.3 mm long, 2.3 mm wide, each 3-veined, the apices obtuse, the bases connate to the column-foot 1 mm to form a deep, acute mentum; petals purple, linear-elliptical, acute, 3.3 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, 1-veined; lip purple, ovate-trilobed, 2.6 mm long, 1.3 mm wide across the basal lobes, the apical lobe oblong, obtuse, 1.5 mm long, the later¬ al lobes below the middle, erect, oblique, antrorse, the disc smooth between the basal lobes, with a thickened, verrucose callus overlying the anterior lobe, the base narrowed, concave with the apex of the column-foot, with a minute keel within, the base of the lip continuous with the column-foot without a hinge; column semiterete, 1.6 mm long, the anther subapical, the stigma ventral, the foot slender, 1.6 mm long. BRAZIL: Amazonas: epiphytic in humid forest, Rio Marie, tributary of Rio Negro, near Tapuruquara Mirim, alt. 100 m, 16 Oct. 1978, M. Madison, P.I.S. Braga & H. Kennedy (PFE 366) (Holotype: INPA). PERU: Loreto: Maynas, Iquitos, between Quisto Cocha and Varillal, alt. 150 m, 10 July 1984, S.M. Rimachi 7572 (IBE, MO); same area, alt. 130 m, 24 July 1984, S. McDaniel & M. Rimachi 27837 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 17019. VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Guaima, between Maroa and Boca Chico, G.A. Romero, L.M. Campbell & C. Gomez 3190 (VEN); Atures, Salto Yureba, lower Vemtauri basin, R. Liesner 18769-A (MO, VEN); Rio Negro, vicinity of San Carlos de Rio Negro, G. Carnevali, R. Liesner & G. Santana 2599 (VEN). This tiny species is widely distributed in the Amazonian basin. The rhizome is long-repent with ciliate sheaths, and prostrate, sessile, subcircular leaves. The one- millimeter-long ramicauls are enclosed with only one ciliated sheath. An elongated peduncle bears a successively few-flowered raceme. The lateral sepals form a deep, acute mentum with the column-foot. The lip is trilobed with the base de- curved into the mentum where it is continuous with the foot without being hinged. Illustration: Fig. 46, herein, C. Luer illustr. 17019. MASDEVALLIANTHA Masdevalliantha (Luer) Szlach. & Marg., Polish Bot. J. 46(2): 117, 2001. Type: Pleurothallis masdevalliopsis Luer, Phytologia 44: 170, 1979 [-Masdevalliantha masdeval- liopsis (Luer) Szlach. & Marg.]. Ety.: Named for the superficial similarity of the flowering plant to a species of Masdevallia. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Masdevalliantha Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 44, 1986. This genus of two species is characterized by long-caudate sepals, broadly obtuse petals, and a short column with an apical anther and stigma, and with an elongated tip of the column-foot that protrudes into a cavity at the base of the lip. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 91 Masdevalliantha longiserpens (C.Schweinf.) Szlach. & Marg., Polish Bot. J. 46(2): 117, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis longiserpens C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 10: 183, 1942. Ety.: From the Latin longiserpens , “long-creeping,” referring to the habit. Plant small to medium in size, epiphytic, shortly but densely repent, the rhizomes 2-5 mm long between ramicauls; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, ascending-erect, 2-5 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute to subacute, subpetiolate, 4-8 cm long, 0.8 cm wide, narrowed below into an ill-defined petiole ca. 5 mm long. Inflorescence a solitary flower, sometimes followed by a second, borne by a slender peduncle 20-25 mm long, from the ramicaul below the apex; floral bract 3 mm long; pedicel 13-15 mm long; ovary 5 mm long, thickly carinate, sepals translucent greenish, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal elliptical, concave, the blade 12 mm long, 6 mm wide, 3-veined, the apex subacute, contracted into a slender tail 6-10 mm long, the lateral sepals narrow¬ ly ovate, acuminate into slender tails, 20 mm long, 3 mm wide, connate 1 mm, each 2-veined; petals translucent, broadly obovate, unguiculate, 4.5 mm long, 4 mm wide, 1-veined, the apex broadly rounded, with minutely irregular margins; lip subovate, 6 mm long, 4 mm wide, the apex rounded, verrucose, loosely and sparsely fringed, the sides below the middle erect and rounded, the disc with a midline cleft, the base deeply concave to accommodate a thick, finger-like projection from the tip of the column-foot, attached to the base of the process; column stout, 2 mm long, the anther and stigma apical, the column- foot with extension 1.5 mm long. PERU: Ayacucho: Huanta, lithophytic, alt. 3100-3200 m, 1-10 Feb. 1926, A. Weberbauer 7510 (Holo- type: AMES; Isotypes: F, US, W). Sine loc., cultivated in Howell, MI, by Lynn O’Shaughnessy 01755 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 20420. This species is vegetatively similar to the long-climbing species of Xenosia , but differs from them by a long-fimbriate lip that is concave at the base to accom¬ modate a free extension of the tip of the column-foot. Illustration: Fig. 47, herein, C. Luer illustr. 20420. Masdevalliantha masdevalliopsis (Luer) Szlach. & Marg., Polish Bot. J. 46(2): 117, 2001. Bas.: Pleurothallis masdevalliopsis Luer, Phytologia 44: 170, 1979. Ety.: Named for the superficial similarity of the flowering plant to a species of Masdevallia. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect, 0.5-1 cm long, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical-linear, narrowly obtuse, subpetiolate, 3-5 cm long, 0.4-0.5 cm wide, narrowed below into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a solitary flower borne by a slender peduncle 15-20 mm long, from the ramicaul below the apex; floral bract 5 mm long; pedicel 18-20 mm long; ovary 4 mm long with tall, undulating lamellae; sepals translucent greenish white, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, concave, ca. 15 mm long, 8 mm wide, 3-veined, the apex acute, acuminate into a slender tail ca. 20 mm long, the lateral sepals narrowly ovate, acuminate into slender tails, 38 mm long, 4 mm wide, connate 4 mm, each 1-veined; petals translucent yellowish white, subor- bicular-ovate, shortly unguiculate, 6.5 mm long, 4.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip yellow-green, acutely de- flexed at the middle into an apical blade, and a more or less oblong claw, the lip 5 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the blade obovoid, verrucose, loosely and sparsely fringed, with the apex rounded, the margins below the middle erect, lobe-like, with a pair of flat calli and cleft between, the claw deeply concave to accommodate a finger-like projection from the tip of the column-foot, attached near the middle of the extension; column white, stout, 1.5 mm long, the anther and stigma apical, pollinia 2, long-caudate with one viscidium, the extension of the foot 2 mm long. ECUADOR: Loja: Cordillera de Sabanilla, alt. ca. 2500 m, collected and cultivated by B. Malo at Tar- qui, flowered in cultivation 12 Feb. 1979, C. Luer 3965 (Holotype: SEL). Superficially, this species appears deceptively similar to a small species of Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. A single, relatively large, long-tailed flower is borne on a peduncle about as long as the narrow, clumped leaves from which it springs. The petals are membranous without a callus. The base of the lip is deeply concave to accommodate a finger-like extension of the tip of the column-foot. Illustration: Icones-III: 46, 1986, Plate 20, C. Luer illustr. 3965. 92 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 42. Dondodia erosa Fig. 43. Gerardoa montezumae ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 93 Fig. 46. Madisonia kerrii 94 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM MUSCARELLA Muscarella (Luer) Luer, gen. nov. Type: Pleurothallis aristata Hook., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1(2): 329, 1839. Ety.: Sectional name from the Latin muscarius, “lots of flies,” referring to the appearance of the racemes. Racemi plerumque laxi. Sepala plerumque caudata. Petala denticulata fimbriataque. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Specklinia sect. Muscariae Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 89, 1986. Plants small to very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect to ascend¬ ing, much shorter than the leaf, never proliferating, with 1-3, imbricating, tubular sheaths below the middle and about the base. Leaf erect to suberect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical or narrowly obovate, to elliptical, acute to obtuse, narrowed below to a subsessile or petiolate base. Inflorescence racemose, erect to creeping, usually loosely flowered, rarely densely flowered, usually successively flowered, shorter or longer than the leaf, produced with a small, inconspicuous spathe, below but near the apex of the ramicaul with an annulus; floral bracts tubular to infundibular; pedicels short to elongate; ovary tri- carpellate, terete; sepals glabrous, ciliate, spiculate or pubescent, acute to acuminate, usually long- caudate, free from the base, or the laterals free from about the middle of the blade, with the apices di¬ verging, 3-veined; petals membranous, elliptical, denticulate, serrate or fringed, acute to acuminate, usually caudate, sometimes clavate, 1 -veined; lip entire to trilobed, ciliate, denticulate or fringed, the disc extremely variable, featureless to channeled between calli, the base more or less truncate, sometimes with a minute lobule at the corners, usually delicately hinged to the column-foot; column elongate, semiterete, with the margins narrowly winged if at all, the apex entire to denticulate, the anther ventral, deciduous, the rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot often with apical, pedestal-like calli, the pollinia 2, ovoid, free. Previously treated in Pleurothallis R.Br., about 48 of these little species are found from Mexico through Central America and the Andes to Bolivia, and a few are known from the Antilles. Some tiny Antillean species with shortly fringed petals, i.e. Muscarella delicatula (Lindl.) Luer and M. longilabris (Lindl.) Luer may have closer relationship to Specklinia Lindl. This genus is distinguished from Specklinia Lindl. and other vegetatively similar genera by a usually loose raceme with delicate flowers, with long-tailed sepals, and petals denticulate, fringed, or fimbriate. The raceme of Muscarella marginata (Rich.) Luer is congested, resembling a fascicle of pedicels. The lip of Muscarella is thick with variations of calli or cilia, and with a truncate base that is minutely lobulate at the corners, if at all. The column is slender and narrowly winged. In¬ stead of calli, the column-foot is usually more or less concave to accommodate the lip, and the tip is often pedestal-like. Species attributed to Muscarella Muscarella ancora (Luer & Vasquez) Luer.Fig. 48. Muscarella aristata (Hook.) Luer.Fig. 49. Muscarella catoxys (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 50. Muscarella cestrochila (Garay) Luer.Fig. 51. Muscarella claviculata (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 52. Muscarella clavigera (Luer) Luer.Fig. 53. Muscarella coeloglossa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 54. Muscarella corynetes (Luer & Vasquez) Luer.Fig. 55. Muscarella cynocephala (Luer) Luer.Fig. 56. Muscarella delicatula (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 57. Muscarella echinodes (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 58. Muscarella exesilabia (A.H.Heller & A.D.Hawkes) Luer.Fig. 59. Muscarella fimbriata (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 60. Muscarella fuchsii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 61. Muscarella furcatipetala (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 62. Muscarella gongylodes (Luer) Luer.Fig. 63. Muscarella helenae (Fawc. & Rendle) Luer.Fig. 64. Muscarella herpestes (Luer) Luer.Fig. 65. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 95 Muscarella ichthyonekys (Luer) Luer.Fig. 66. Muscarella infinita (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 67. Muscarella intonsa (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 68. Muscarella kennedyi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 69. Muscarella latilabris (Foldats) Luer.Fig. 70. Muscarella lipothrix (Luer) Luer.Fig. 71. Muscarella llamachoi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 72. Muscarella longilabris (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 73. Muscarella macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Luer.Fig. 74. Muscarella marginata (Rich.) Luer.Fig. 75. Muscarella megalops (Luer) Luer.Fig. 76. Muscarella oblonga (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 77. Muscarella perangusta (Luer) Luer.Fig. 78. Muscarella quinquiseta (Ames) Luer.Fig. 79. Muscarella rojohnii Luer.Fig. 80. Muscarella samacensis (Ames) Luer.Fig. 81. Muscarella schudelii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 82. Muscarella semperflorens (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 83. Muscarella sibatensis (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer.Fig. 84. Muscarella strumosa (Ames) Luer.Fig. 85. Muscarella stumpflei (Luer) Luer.Figs. 86a, 86b. Muscarella tamboensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 87. Muscarella tempestalis (Luer) Luer.Fig. 88. Muscarella trullifera (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 89. Muscarella tsubotae (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer.Fig. 90. Muscarella villosilabia (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 91. Muscarella werneri Luer.Fig. 92. Muscarella xanthella (Luer) Luer.Fig. 93. Muscarella xyloura Luer & Hirtz.Fig. 94. Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer.Figs. 95a, 95b, 95c. Muscarella ancora (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis ancora Luer & R.Vasquez, Phytologia 46: 357, 1980. Ety.: From the Latin ancora , “an anchor,” referring to the shape of the lip. Syn.: Specklinia ancora (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 256, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-8 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 10-35 mm long including the a slender petiole 8-18 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, flexible, lightly flexuous, loose, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 9 cm long including the filiform peduncle 4-5 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 0.75- 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 6 mm long below to 2 mm long above; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent yellow or pale purple with the midvein purple, glabrous, carinate, ovate in the basal third, the apex acute and long-attenuate, the dorsal sepal 10 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 10 mm long, 2 mm wide, connate 0.5 mm; petals translucent with a purple midvein, ovate, long-lacerate, the apex long- acuminate with the tail filiform, 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; lip purple-black, oblong-trilobed, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide across the basal lobes, the apex obovoid, suborbicular, convex, with long-ciliate margins, the sides above the base with large, erect, forwardly directed, falcate lobes, the disc deeply cleft centrally between a pair of calli, pubescent within the cleft, the base concave, subtruncate, hinged to the column- foot; column terete, 2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick, less than 0.5 mm long. BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: epiphytic in cloud forest along the road to Tablas, alt. 2300 m, 9 Feb. 1980, C. Luer, J. Luer & R. Vasquez 5172 (Holotype: SEL); same collection data, C. Luer 5168 (SEL). This species is apparently endemic in central Bolivia in the narrow band of wet forest between the cold Alto Plano and the hot lowlands. Vegetatively, it is indis¬ tinguishable from the other species of the genus. The sepals are long-caudate; the petals are deeply lacerate with a long-setiform apex. The lip is trilobed with the black apex convex and long-ciliate, and a pair of large, uncinate lobes above the base. The disc is deeply cleft centrally with the cavity pubescent. 96 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Muscarella aristata (Hook.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas: Pleurothallis aristata Hook., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1(2): 329, 1839. Ety.: From the Latin aristatus , “bristle-like,” referring to the sepals. Syn.: Pleurothallis barberiana Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s.16: 6, 1881. Ety.: Named for Mr. J. Barber of Upper Clapton, England, in whose collection this species flowered. Syn.: Pleurothallis urbaniana Rchb.f., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 3: 297, 1885. Ety.: Named for I. Urban, editor of Symbolae Antillanae. Syn.: Humboldtia aristata (Hook.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 667, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia barberiana (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 667, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis dichotoma Ames, Sched. Orch. 6: 58, 1923, not (Poepp. & Endl.) Schltr. 1921. Ety.: From the Latin (Greek) dichotomus, “divided in pairs,” falsely alluding to the raceme. Syn.: Pleurothallis divexa Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 20, 1924, replaced name for P. dichotoma Ames, 1923. Ety.: From the Latin divexus, “tom asunder,” alluding to the misnomer dichotoma. Syn.: Specklinia aristata (Hook.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 256, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-8 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 10-35 mm long including the a slender petiole 8-10 mm long, 3-6 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, flexible, lightly flexuous, loose, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 9 cm long including the filiform peduncle 4-5 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel slender, 12 mm long below to 4 mm long above; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals translu¬ cent, suffused and veined in purple, glabrous, carinate, ovate in the basal half, the apex acute, long-at¬ tenuate, the dorsal sepal 7-10 mm long, 1.25-3 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 6.5-9.5 mm long, 1.25-1.5 mm wide, connate 1-1.5 mm; petals translucent, elliptical-ovate, ciliate-lacerate, the apex acute, 3-4 mm long, 0.6-1 mm wide; lip yellow, dark purple toward the apex, oblong, obscurely trilobed, the apex convex, papillose, 2.5-3.25 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, with the margins revolute and meeting be¬ neath, with a longitudinal fin-like callus beneath below the middle, the disc below the middle with the margins erect, broadly obtuse, with a pair of low calli within the marginal angles and coursing forward to the middle, with a shiny, oval patch in the center, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column terete, 2 mm long, variously dentate at the apex, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick, 0.5 mm long, dark purple, long. Representative collections: GUYANA: Demerara, Parker s.n. (Holotype: K); sine loc., 1898, E.F. im Thurn 145 (K); Bartica-Potaro road, 17 Aug. 1937, N. Y. Sndwith 1103 (K); Upper Mazaruni District, Saydak Creek, adjacent to Eboro- pu Mountain, alt. 470 m, 12 Apr. 1979, P.J. Edwards 1267 (K). SURINAME: Brownsberg, collected by R. Determann, 18 Apr. 1981, flowered in cultivation 14 Feb. 1982, C. Luer 6830 (SEL). FRENCH GUIANA: Montagne de Kaw, alt. 300 m, 12 May 1986, C. Luer & J. Luer 12227 (K, MO); Barrage de Petit Saut, Bassin du Sinnmary, alt. 50 m, 21 June 1994, G. Cremers 13320 (CAY). VENEZUELA: Miranda: Parque Nacional de Guatopo, File Chivato Negro, alt. 610-710 m, 29 Nov. 1961, J.A. Steyermark 90162 (AMES, VEN). PUERTO RICO: near Maricao, from Indiera Fria, 3 Dec. 1884, P. Sintenis 503 (holotype of P. urbania¬ na : W; Isotype: US); near Adjuntas, Monte Guaraguo, 13 May 1886, P. Sintenis 4365 (AMES, BR, K); near Utucido at Boncador, 16 Mar. 1887, P. Sintenis 6527 (BR, C, NY, US, W). Mount Morales, near Utuado, 19 Mar. 1906, E.G. Britton & D. Marble 1229 (NY). HAITI: Massif du Nord, Morne Colombeau, alt. 900 m, 20 June 1925, E.L. Ekman 4357 (AMES, K, S, US). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Peninsula de Pamana, Laguna at Los Banaderos, alt. 500 m, 28 May 1930, E.L. Ekman 15140 (AMES, S). Puerto Plata, Loma del Puerto, alt. 750 m, 18 Sept. 1969, A.H. Liogier 15923 (AMES, NY). GUADELOUPE: Bois de Pigeon, alt. 500-1000 m, 1893, P. Duss 3341 (MO, NY, US); Trois Rivieres, alt. 400 m, 29 Sept. 1936, H. Stehle 1244 (NY); Dugommier, alt. 800 m, 5 Dec. 1936, H. Stehle 1295 (AMES, NY). MARTINIQUE: environs des Deux Choux, 1880, P. Duss 3956 (NY); Bois des Deux, Choux a Carbet, alt. 800 m, 5 Sept. 1937, H. Stehle 2206 (NY). DOMINICA: sine loc., Henslow s.n. (K); sine loc., 1 Mar. 1880, Eggers 90 (C, K); alt. 700 m, Jan. 1882, Eggers 99-6 (W); sine loc., Dr. Imray s.n. (K); sine loc., 25 Apr. 1888, G.A. Ramage s.n. (K); Laudat, 1903, F.E. Lloyd 57 (AMES, NY). ST. LUCIA: Savanna Edmund District, southeast of Piton Troumassee, alt. 1,800-2,000 ft., 21 Nov. 1960, G.R. Proctor 21590 (AMES, BM). SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 97 COSTA RICA: sine loc., ca. 1867, A. Endres 58 (W); Cartago: Peralta, alt. 1,200 ft., 13 July 1923, C.H. Lankester 464 (holotype of P. dichotoma : AMES). Sine loc., ca. 1869, A. Endres 58 (548) (W). ECUADOR: Pichincha: Nanegal, Jameson s.n. (W); Angul, western slope near Quito, alt. 1000 m, 29 Nov. 1880, F.C. Lehmann 355 (W). Napo: Rio Jatunyacu, above Shandia, alt. 650 m, 12 Mar. 1991, A. Hirtz <& S. Ortega 5365 (MO). Pastaza: south of Puyo toward Macas, alt. 950 m, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 19555 (MO). Morona-Santiago: Cord, del Cutucu, between Morona and Mendez, alt. 950 m, 17 Jan. 1989, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. & P. Jesup 13954 (MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: between Loja and Zamora, alt. 1400 m, collected by F. Fuchs, flowered in cultivation 1974, C. Luer 122 (SEL); Cord, del Condor, Paquisha, alt. 950 m, 11 Feb. 1993, S. Dalstrom, T. Hdijer, & H. Wanntorp 1888 (MO). PERU: Huanuco: Tingo Maria, collected by Janet Kuhn Feb. 1975, flowered in cultivation 1977, C. Luer 2899 (SEL); near Tingo Maria, 1998, cultivated at Venhuizen, A.P. Sijm 210311 (MO). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Larecaja, above Tipuani, alt. 1150 m, 29 Aug. 1991, C. Luer, J. Luer et al 15376 (MO); Nor Yungas, Bella Vista, collected Aug. 1991, flowered in cultivation in Quito, May 1992, A. Hirtz 5798 (MO). Cochabamba: road to Villa Tunari, flowered in cultivation 21 May 1979, C. Luer 4065A (SEL). Sine loc., imported by H. Low, flowered May 1881, J. Barber, s.n. (holotype of P. barberiana: W). This species is relatively frequent in its wide distribution through Central America, the Antilles, and the Andes. Vegetatively not remarkable, it is distin¬ guished from all the others by the loose, flexuous raceme of successive flowers with long-tailed sepals; fringed petals with the apex merely acute, not acuminate; and a distinctive lip with a dark purple, convex, papillose apex, and a well-defined, oval, shiny structure in the center of the disc. Muscarella catoxys (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas: Pleurothallis catoxys Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 151, 1996. Ety.: From the Greek katoxys, “sharply pointed,” referring to all six floral parts. Syn.: Specklinia catoxys (Luer & Hirtz), Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 15-20 mm long including the petiole 5-8 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflores¬ cence an erect, loose, flexible, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 6 cm long includ¬ ing the filiform peduncle 2-4 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 5-7 mm long; ovary, 0.75-1 mm long; sepals translucent rose, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acute, long-attenuate, 8 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, the lateral sepals narrowly ovate, oblique, acute, long-attenuate, 10 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, connate 0.5 mm; petals translucent rose, ovate in the basal fourth, lacerate, acute, long-acuminate, 8 mm long, 1.25 mm wide; lip purple, obovate-subpandurate, 5 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, minutely denticulate, the apex acute, long-acuminate, the base with a pair of small, erect, rounded lobes, the disc with a shallow, elliptical cavity below the middle, pubescent within, between a low pair of calli extending forward from the basal lobes, and anoth¬ er cavity above the base, the base hinged to the column-foot; column terete, 1.75 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 0.5 mm long, concave between a pair of small, rounded calli. ECUADOR: Pastaza: epiphytic in cloud forest along Rio Zunag, alt. 2,400 m, 23-28 Feb. 1990, A. Hirtz et al. 4635 (Holotype: MO). This species is known from only one collection from eastcentral Ecuador. It is distinguished by the small habit with loose racemes of flowers with long-tailed sepals and petals. The apex of the minutely denticulate lip is long-acuminate. Muscarella cestrochila (Garay) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis cestrochila Garay, Orquideologla 8: 180, 1973. Ety.: From the Greek Kestrochilos , “a hammer-like lip,” referring to the shape of the lip. Syn.: Specklinia cestrochila (Garay) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, petiolate, subacute to obtuse, 10-20 mm long including the petiole 4-5 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, flexible, flexuous, loose, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 6 cm long including the fili¬ form peduncle 2-3 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.5 mm long; pedicel slender, 3-4 mm long; ovary, 1.75 mm long; sepals translucent red-purple, carinate, with the ribs and margins sparsely denticulate, the apices acute with long-acuminate tails, sometimes thickened toward the tip, the 98 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM dorsal sepal narrowly triangular, 7-10 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the lateral sepals ovate below the middle, oblique, 6-10 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, connate 0.5 mm; petals translucent rose, narrowly ovate in the basal fourth, long ciliate-lacerate, acute, long-acuminate, 5-6 mm long, 0.5 mm wide exclusive of the fringe; lip purple-black to orange, obovate-subpandurate, 3.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, the apex broadly rounded, cellular-papillose, with minutely denticulate margins, with an erect pair of small, marginal, falcate lobes on the lower third, the disc with a pair of minutely denticulate call! from the marginal lobes to the middle, the apex rounded, the base narrow, truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column- foot; column slender, semiterete, 2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot concave between a pair of triangular calli. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: El Retiro, road to Las Palmas, alt. 2500 m, without date, collected by Gustavo Wills, R. Escobar 715 (Holotype: AMES); same area, collected by J. Lopez, flowered in cultivation at Colomborqufdeas, 29 Dec. 1992, R. Escobar 5136 (MO). Narino: near Magnesium mines above Ricaurte, alt. 1800 m, 1 Nov. 1979, C. Luer. J. Luer & A. Hirtz 4509 (SEL). ECUADOR: Carchi: east of pass east of Maldonado, alt. 2300 m, 17 Mar. 1991, C. Luer, J. Luer, J. del Hierro, A. & X. Hirtz 15148 (MO); at pass above Maldonado, alt. 2450 m, 15 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. & P. Jesup 16035 (MO); above Maldonado, alt. 2600 m, 23 Nov. 1999, A. Hirtz et al. 7152 (MO). Sucumbios: between La Bonita and Rosa Florida, alt. ca. 2000 m, 14 Mar. 1996, S. Dalstrom, S. Ingram & K. Ferrell-Ingram 2135 (MO). Napo: between Cotundo and Coca, alt. 1300 m, 1 Nov. 1999, A. Hirtz & X. Hirtz 7099 { MO). This species is widely distributed in the western and the central cordilleras of Colombia and Ecuador. It is characterized by the small habit; a loose raceme of successive flowers; sepals with long tails that may or may not be thickened toward the tips; petals long-fimbriate on the lower third with the distal third a filamentous tail; and a lip, purple-black to orange, with a rounded apex and a pair of small, erect, hook-like lobes below the middle. Muscarella claviculata (Luer & Hirtz), Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis claviculata Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 153, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin claviculatus, “with small clubs,” referring to the sepals and petals. Syn.: Specklinia claviculata (Luer & Hirtz), Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 2-3 cm long including the petiole 0.6-1 cm long, 0.5-0.6 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, loose, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 5 cm long including the filiform peduncle ca. 2.5 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 2 mm long; pedicel slender, 4-6 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent yellow with purple dots, glabrous, the dorsal sepal narrowly triangu¬ lar, tricarinate, acute, long-attenuate with the tip clavate, 17 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, bicarinate, acute, long-attenuate with the tip clavate, 17 mm long, 3 mm wide, connate 1 mm; petals translucent yellow with a purple midvein, ovate, acute, long-acuminate with the tip clavate, 9 mm long, 1 mm wide, the margins above the base long-fimbriate; lip purple-black, oblong-pandurate, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, the anterior portion suborbicular, cellular-papillose, the sides above the base with erect, low, rounded lobes, the disc with a thick pair of calli extending forward from the basal lobes, with a finlike callus on the undersurface below the middle, the base membranous with a microscopic pair of lobules, hinged to the column-foot; column terete, 3.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long, concave between a pair of subacute calli. ECUADOR: Pastaza: epiphytic in cloud forest along Rio Zunag, alt. 2,400 m, 23-28 Feb. 1990, A. Hirtz et al. 4635 (Holotype: MO); Rio Zunag, alt. 2200 m, collection of E. Sanchez, Aug. 1990, A. Hrtz 5085 (MO). This species from eastcentral Ecuador, is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the small, oblanceolate leaves; a twice longer, flexuous, successively flowered raceme; long-caudate sepals thickened at the tips of the filamentous tails; long-fimbriate petals with a filamentous, clavate apex similar to the sepals; and a purple-black, pyriform, subpandurate lip with a rounded apex and obtuse angles below the middle. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 99 Muscarella clavigera (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis clavigera Luer, Selbyana 3: 268, 1977. Ety.: From the Latin claviger, “club bearing,” referring to the sepals. Syn.: Specklinia clavigera (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-7 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 20-35 mm long including the petiole 5 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a fascicle of successive flowers borne by an erect, filamentous peduncle, 30-40 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 2-3 mm long; pedicels slender, 4-8 mm long; ovary 3 mm long; sepals translucent pale yellow-green with lines of purple markings, carinate, sparsely denticulate on the margins and ribs, the dorsal sepal ovate below the middle, acute, contracted into a slender tail clavate at the tip, 8-9.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblong below the middle, acute, contracted into a slender tail clavate at the tip, 8-9.5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, connate 1 mm; petals translucent yellow, narrowly ovate, acute, sparsely ciliate, 3-3.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; lip light green, spotted with purple, obovate, thick, 3-4 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex convex, broadly rounded, long-ciliate, the sides above the base with erect, obtuse lobules, the disc with an oval, shiny patch, between a thick pair of calli extending forward from the basal lobes, with a finlike callus on the undersurface below the middle, the base concave above the base, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 0.5 mm long, bulbous. ECUADOR: sine loc., purchased by Roberto Estrada from a collector, flowered in cultivation in Guaya¬ quil, 24 Feb. 1977, C. Luer 1468 (Holotype: SEL). Morona-Santiago: Rio Calagras, collected by C. Luer et al., flowered in cultivation 21 Mar. 1981, C. Luer 5890 (SEL). This species is probably endemic on the eastern slopes of the Andes of southern Ecuador. It is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the small oblanceolate leaves; a fascicle of successive flowers borne near the tips of the leaves; sepals with caudate-clavate apices; short, acute, sparsely ciliate petals; and a thick lip with a convex, rounded, ciliate apex, and small, basal lobes. An oval, shiny patch below the middle is similar to that of Muscarella aristata (Hook.) Luer. Muscarella coeloglossa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis coeloglossa Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 154, 1996. Ety.: From the Greek coeloglossa, “a hollow tongue,” referring to the cavity of the lip. Syn.: Specklinia coeloglossa (Luer & Hirtz), Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute, 5-10 mm long including a petiole 1-2 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, the base cuneate into the base. Inflorescence an erect, loose, succes¬ sively several-flowered raceme, up to 4 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-1.5 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 1-2 mm long; ovary, 0.75 mm long; sepals translucent yellow, carinate with the carinae minutely erose, thickened at the apices, the dorsal sepal elliptical, acute, 3.75 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblong, oblique, acute, 3.75 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2-veined, essentially free; petals translucent yellow, glabrous, elliptical- obovate, acute, apiculate, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the margins shortly lacerate; lip red-purple, trilobed, 2.25 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, 2 mm wide expanded, the anterior lobe obovate, cellular-glandular, the apex rounded, the lateral lobes below the middle, erect, broadly rounded, the disc with an ovate ostium near the center that leads into a comparatively large cavity, the base with a smaller, midline cavity, and with a minute pair of slender lobules, hinged to the column-foot; column terete, 1.5 mm long, the anther and rostellum subapical, the stigma ventral, the foot 0.5 mm long, concave. ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: epiphytic in cloud forest north of Gualaquiza, alt. 1,700 m, 17 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, W. Flores & A. Embree 11880 (Holotype: MO); Cordillera del Condor, epiphytic in forest east of Guisme, alt. 1,750 m, 21 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz, W. Flores, A. Andreetta & W. Teague 13548 (MO); forest north of Gualaquiza, alt. 1900 m, 7 Mar. 1992, S. Dalstrom 1626 (MO). Rio Paute near Guarumales, alt. 2000 m, 20 Oct. 1999, A. Hirtz & E. Sanchez 7010 (MO). PERU: Junin: east of La Merced, Chanchamayo, alt. 1400 m, collected July 2000 by P. Cloes s.n., C. Luer 19414 (MO). 100 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This species, closely related to Muscarella exesilabia (A.H.Heller & A.D. Hawkes) Luer, occurs sympatrically in southeastern Ecuador, and in disjunct sta¬ tions in Nicaragua and Venezuela, but M. coeloglossa is known from the mountains of southeastern Ecuador and Peru. From M. exesilabia , it is distinguished by the large, rounded basal lobes of the lip and the glabrous apical lobe. In both species an opening on the disc leads to a deep cavity, and also in both species a smaller cavity is present at the base. The two holes appear to communicate, but they do not. Muscarella corynetes (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis corynetes Luer & R.Vasquez, Phytologia 46: 363, 1980. Ety.: From the Greek korynetes, “a mace or a club bearer,” referring to the clubbed apex of the lip. Syn.: Specklinia corynetes (Luer & R.Vasquez) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, petiolate, acute to subacute, 15-27 mm long including the petiole 3-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, flexible, flexuous, loose, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 8 or more cm long including the filiform peduncle 2-3 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 2-4 mm long; ovary, 1.5 mm long; sepals translucent light yellow with purple spots, carinate, narrowly ovate, acute, long-acuminate, the tails slightly thickened toward the tip, the dorsal sepal 16 mm long, 2 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 16 mm long, 2 mm wide, connate 0.5 mm; petals translu¬ cent, flecked with rose, ovate in lower third, long-ciliate, acute, long-attenuate, 7 mm long, 2 mm wide exclusive of the cilia; lip yellow, marked with dark purple, thick, cellular-glandular, ovate, 3.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, with erect, cellular-serrated margins below the middle, the sides reflexed above the middle creating a narrowing to a clavate, verrucose apex, the disc sulcate, the base broadly subcordate, with a pair of minute, slender processes, narrowly hinged to the column-foot; column slender, semiterete, 2.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick, cellular-glandular, the foot thick, cellu¬ lar-glandular. BOLIVIA: La Paz: Nor Yungas, cloud forest above Rfo Unduavi, alt. 2450 m, 6 Feb. 1980, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. Vasquez & M. Manon 5131 (Holotype: SEL). This species is apparently endemic in the Nor Yungas of Bolivia. From the other small members of the subgenus it is distinguished by the comparatively large flowers with purple-spotted, long-tailed sepals; shorter tailed petals long-ciliate above the base; and a protruding dark-purple, clavate tip of the lip. Muscarella cynocephala (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis cynocephala Luer, Selby ana 5: 163, 1979. Ety.: From the Greek cynocephala , “like a dog head,” in allusion to the lip. Syn.: Specklinia cynocephala (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 2-3.5 cm mm long includ¬ ing the petiole 5-15 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, secund, lax, successively few-flowered raceme, up to 5 cm long including the filiform peduncle ca. 3 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 5 mm long; ovary, 1 mm long; sepals greenish white with purple spots, sparsely long-ciliate, carinate, ovate in lower third, acute, long-acuminate, the tails slightly thickened toward the tip, the dorsal sepal 10 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 9 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, connate 0.5 mm; petals translucent, ovate in lower third, sparsely long-ciliate, acute, long-attenuate, 5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; lip light green, marked with purple, ovate, thick, 2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the apex truncate with a few excrescences beneath, below the middle with erect margins with apices acute and ciliate, the disc sulcate between a pair of calli on the middle third, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column slender, semiter¬ ete, 2 mm long with an abbreviated foot, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: epiphytic in forest between Cochabamba and Villa Tunari, alt. 1900 m, col¬ lected Nov. 1978, flowered in cultivation 21 May 1979, C. Luer 4065 (Holotype: SEL). SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 101 This species is apparently endemic on the northern slopes of the Andes of cen¬ tral Bolivia. It is characterized by the an erect, slender, strict, loosely flowered raceme of successive flowers that only slightly surpasses the narrowly obovate leaves. The spotted sepals and petals are ciliate and long-caudate. The lip that resembles the head of a dog is thick with erect acute, ciliate lobes above the base and a truncate apex. Muscarella delicatula (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis delicatula Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 38, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin delicatulus, “minutely delicate,” referring to the habit and flowers. Syn.: Humboldtia delicatula (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 667, 1891. Syn.: Specklinia delicatula (Lindl.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1.5-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, subacute, 11-14 mm long including a petiole ca. 1 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an elongating, flexible, flexuous, lax, successively many-flowered raceme, up to 10 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-1.5 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.5 mm long; pedicel 1- 1.5 mm long; ovary, 1 mm long; sepals yellow, sometimes striped in purple, carinate, slightly thickened toward the apices, the dorsal sepal oblong, obtuse, 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals free, falcate-oblong, oblique, acute, 5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, 2-veined; petals translucent yellow, gla¬ brous, cuneate-obovate, 1.75 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, 1-veined, with the apex obliquely truncate, minutely lacerate; lip yellow, red-brown below the middle, subpandurate-trilobed, 3.4 mm long, 1 mm wide, the anterior lobe pyriform, thickened, cellular-spiculate, with the apex rounded, the lateral lobes below the middle, thin, erect, low, oblong, minutely lacerate, the disc with 3 parallel lamellae through the basal half, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, winged above the middle, 2 mm long, with a pair of minute marginal lobules below the middle, the anther hooded, ventral, the stigma also ventral, the foot 1 mm long. JAMAICA: sine loc., W. Purdie s.n. (Holotype: K). Surrey: Portland: near Mabess River, alt. 4000 ft., 22 Feb. 1900, W Harris 7826 (BR, K); Mt. Moses, alt. 3500 ft., Nov. 1881, D. Morris 2031, 2279 (K); near John Crow Peak, 24 Jan. 1902, W. Harris 10478 (BM, K); Mabess River, alt. 2500 ft., 25 July 1903, G.E. Nichols 140 (K); near Mabess River, alt. 3,500 m, 12 Apr. 1900, W. Harris 9007 (BM); Mt. Moses, alt. 3500 ft., Nov. 1885, D. Morris 2277 (K). Cornwall: near Troy, alt. 2500 ft., 7 Dec. 1904, W. Harris 8869 (BM, K). Manchester: northwest of Christiana, alt. 3,000 ft., 22 Oct. 1955, G.R. Proctor 11080 (AMES); epiphytic in forest northwest of Troy, alt. 640 m, 10 Nov. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Jesup & P. Jesup 11469 (MO). Clarendon: near Cave Valley, south of Broom Hall, alt. 2,100 ft., Aug.-Sept. 1983, D.L. Kelly s.n. (TCD). This species is endemic in the mountains of Jamaica where it is found occasion¬ ally. It is characterized by the small habit with clustered, short ramicauls and thick, elliptical leaves. The flowers are produced in slow succession in an elongating, flexible, flexuous raceme. The color varies from the usual yellow to striped in purple. The sepals are free, the petals are fimbriate on obliquely truncate apices, and the lip is subpandurate to trilobed with a thickened, rounded, microscopically spiculate apex. Below the middle the disc is trilamellate between thin, low and minutely lacerate lateral lobes. A pair of minute lobules are present on the column below the wings. Muscarella echinodes (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis echinodes Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologia 16: 24, 1983. Ety.: From the Greek echinodes , “prickly like a hedgehog,” in fancied illusion of the flower. Syn.: Specklinia echinodes (Luer & R.Escobar) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. 102 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 5-7 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 4-6 cm long including an indistinct subpetiolate base, 3-5 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below . Inflorescence a hori¬ zontal, more or less creeping, loose, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 7 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-2 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.5 mm long; pedicel slender, 2-3 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals translucent tan with purple spots, carinate, spiculate externally, oblong, obtuse with the apices contracted into 1 mm long tails, the dorsal 7.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals 8 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 2-veined, connate to above the middle; petals translucent yellow with faint brown spots, obovate in lower half, minutely denticulate above the middle, 5.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, with the acute apex contracted into a filamentous tail half the length of the petal; lip trilobed, 4.5 mm long, 4 mm wide across the lateral lobes expanded, the lateral lobes below the middle, black, erect, broadly rounded, the apical half orange, verrucose, obtuse, the disc with a red, central cavity, the base unguiculate, channeled, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column- foot; column slender, semiterete, 3 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot with a pair of slender processes projecting forward from the tip. COLOMBIA: Norte de Santander: epiphytic in subparamo cloud forest, Paramo de Jurisdicciones, alt. 2300 m, 1 May 1982, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. Escobar & D. Portillo 7675 (Holotype: SEL; Isotypes AAU, COL, JAUM). This species is known only from the Paramo de Jurisdicciones in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Vegetatively not distinctive, this species is distinguished by the lax, creeping raceme of successive flowers that resemble a spiny insect crawling through the loose substrate. The sepals are spiculate with tiny tails. The petals are caudate and microscopically ciliate. The lip is trilobed with an obtuse, verrucose apex and erect, rounded, black lobes below the middle. The unguiculate base extends beneath a pair of slender processes that project forward from the base of the column. Although these features are not typical of Muscaria Luer, this bi¬ zarre species seems most closely allied to the species relegated here. Muscarella exesilabia (A.H.Heller & A.D.Hawkes) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis exesilabia A.H.Heller & A.D.Hawkes, Phytologia 14: 11, 1966. Ety.: From the Latin exesilabius, “with an irregularly eroded lip,” incorrectly referring to the lip. Syn.: Specklinia exesilabia (A.H.Heller & A.D.Hawkes) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 7-9 mm long including a petiole ca. 1 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, cuneate below into the base. Inflorescence an erect, loose, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 4 cm long including the filiform peduncle ca. 1 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 2-2.5 mm long; ovary, 0.75 mm long; sepals yellow, purple toward the tips, carinate with the carinae and margins minutely erose, elliptical, acute, thickened at the apices, the dorsal sepal 4-4.75 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblique, 3.75-4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2-veined, free; petals translucent purple, broadly elliptical-obovate, obtuse, apiculate, lacerate above the middle, 1.5-2 mm long, 1-1.25 mm wide; lip purple, pandurate-trilobed, 1.8-2 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, with a distinct isthmus below the anterior lobe, the anterior lobe rounded, convex, long-ciliate, the lateral lobes above the base, erect, transversely oblong, the disc with a longitudinal callus with a circular cavity at the distal end just above the middle and another cavity at the base, the base hinged to the column-foot; column terete, 1.5 mm long, the anther and rostellum subapical, the stigma ventral, the foot thick, concave. NICARAGUA: Jinotega: near Finca Santa Elena, between Matagalpa and Jinotega, alt. 4510 ft., July 1962, A.H. Heller 6497 (Holotype: AMES). VENEZUELA: Tachira: Km. 25 on road to Fundacion, alt. 900 m, R. Mejia s.n. (Dunsterville ill. 1299). ECUADOR: Napo: Rio Jatunyacu, above Shandia, alt. 650 m, 12 Mar. 1991, A. Hirtz & S. Ortega 5366 (MO); near Sumaco, alt. 1100 m, 9-11 Oct. 1999, A. Hirtz, X. Hirtz, H. & M. Evans 6673 (MO). Morona-Santiago: new road between Tena and Coca, alt. 1100 m, 22 Feb. 1982, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 6956 (SEL); Cordillera del Condor, epiphytic in forest east of Guisme, alt. 1300 m, 20 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz, W. Flores, A. Andreetta & W. Teague 13510 (MO). SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 103 This species occurs locally in three disjunct localities (Nicaragua, Venezuela and Ecuador). It is distinguished by the very small habit with delicate, flexuous, successively flowered racemes. The sepals are carinate-erose and acute with thick¬ ened apices. The petals are shortly erose-lacerate. Most distinctive is the pandurate lip with a rounded, long-ciliate apical lobe, low basal lobes and a longitudinal callus traversing the isthmus with cavities at both ends. The two holes appear to commu¬ nicate, but they do not. Muscarella fimbriata (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Masdevallia fimbriata Ames & C.Schweinf., Sched. Orch. 10: 18, 1930, not Pleurothallis fimbriata Lindl., 1859. Ety.: From the Latin fimbriatus, “fimbriate,” referring to the floral parts. Syn.: Pleurothallis setosa C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl., 9: 64, 1941, nom, nov. for P. fimbriata Ames & C.Schweinf. Ety.: From the Latin setosus, “with bristles,” referring to the bristly flowers. Syn.: Specklinia setosa (C.Schweinf.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia fimbriata (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Solano & Soto Arenas, Icon. Orch. (Mex.) 5-6: t. 671,2003. Plant small to very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 short, ribbed sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, linear-obovate, thickly sub- triangular in cross section, subacute to obtuse, 20-28 mm long, 2 mm wide, 2 mm thick, the base gradual¬ ly narrowed into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a prostrate to descending, creeping, lax, succes¬ sively several-flowered raceme, up to 5 cm long including the setose peduncle ca. 2 cm long, borne later¬ ally from the ramicaul; floral bract spiculate, 1.5-2 mm long; pedicel slender, lightly spiculate, 4-5 mm long; ovary long-spiculate, 1.5 mm long; sepals translucent greenish white, suffused and spotted with light rose, with margins and carinae long-spiculate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, contracted into a slender tail slightly shorter than the blade, 11 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-carinate, the lateral sepals connate 4 mm into a broad, oblong, bifid lamina, 8 mm long, 7 mm wide, with obtuse apices contracted into slender tails 4 mm long; petals translucent yellow with brown midvein, narrowly elliptical, acute, acuminate, lacerate, 6.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; lip rose, obovate, 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, the apex broadly rounded, fimbriate-spiculate, with a pair of low, obtuse, marginal angles in the lower third, with a low, converging pair of denticulate carinae within the angles, shallowly channeled between, the base truncate, minutely biauriculate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 3.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot bicallous. MEXICO: Vera Cruz: north of Monte Romero, alt. 200 m, collected by W. Bussey 14 Apr. 1983, flow¬ ered in cultivation 19 July 1985, C. Luer 11396 (MO). BELIZE: Middlesex: Stann Creek District, 20 Oct. 1939, P.H. Gentle 3044 (AMES). Toledo: between Monkey River and Cockscomb. P.H. Gentle 4298 (AMES); Edwards’s Road beyond Columbia, PH. Gentle 6288 (AMES). GUATEMALA: sine loc., 1939, M.W. Lewis 174 (AMES). COSTA RICA: across the Rio Reventazon, alt. 900-1700 ft., C.H. Lankester 1176 (holotype of M. fim¬ briata: AMES); sine loc., obtained from L. Glicenstein by P. Jesup, cultivated at Bristol, CT, 17 Nov. 1977, C. Luer 2215 (SEL). Limon: Cordillera de Talamanca, ridge between Quebrada Camagre and Rio Barbilla, alt. 180-480 m, 9 Sept. 1988, M. Grayum et al. 8916 (CR, MO). Puntarenas: south of Las Cruces de Coto Brus, ridge west of Rio Jaba, alt. 1140-1360 m, 24 Jan. 1989, M. Grayum 9304 (CR, MO). Cartago: near Turrialba, hillside behind Instituto Interamericano, 21 July 1947, collected by E.H. Taylor & A. Allen, G.P. DeWolf358 (AMES). HONDURAS: Atlantida: Campamento Quebrada Grande, southwest of La Ceiba, base of Pico Bonito, alt. 50-80 m, 12 May 1993, R.L. Liesner & D. Mejia 26230 (MO). This unique species is uncommon but widely distributed in Central America. It is distinguished by the narrow, thickly triquetrous leaves, and a creeping raceme with a spiculate peduncle and rachis. The sepals are tall-carinate and spiculate with slender tails. The petals are short and shortly fimbriate. The lip is obovate with a broadly rounded, spiculate apex. 104 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Muscarella fuchsii (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis fuchsii Luer, Selbyana 1: 244, 1975. Ety.: Named in honor of the late Fred Fuchs, Jr., of Naranja, Florida, who discovered this species Syn.: Specklinia fuchsii (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 10-15 mm long including the petiole 2-3 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a fascicle of successive flowers borne by an erect, filamentous peduncle, 20-30 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1-2 mm long; pedicels 3 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals yellow-green, with purple margins and stripes, carinate, sparsely denticulate-papillose on the margins and ribs, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, contracted into a thick apex, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblong, acute, contracted into a thick apex, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, free at the base; petals yellow with three, purple stripes, ovate, oblique, minutely serrate, acute, 2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide; lip purple, oblong, thick, 2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, the apex convex, rounded, verrucose, cellu¬ lar-papular, the disc with a pair of thick, low carinae on the middle half, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 1.8 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick. ECUADOR: Pastaza: epiphytic near Puyo, alt. 750 m, collected by Fred Fuchs, Jr., flowered in cultiva¬ tion Jan. 1975, C. Luer 157 (Holotype: SEL). This species, endemic in the eastern lowlands of Ecuador, is allied to Muscarella semperflorens (Lindl.) Luer, which is found from the lowlands eastern Ecuador to the Guyanas and Venezuela. Muscarella fuchsii is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the very small habit with oblanceolate leaves; a fascicle of successive flowers borne beyond the tips of the leaves; sepals with narrow, thick¬ ened apices; short, acute, serrate petals; and a thick, oblong, verrucose, cellular- papular lip. Muscarella furcatipetala (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis furcatipetala Luer & Hirtz, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3: 50, 2001. Ety.: From the Latin furcatipetalus, “with forked petals,” referring to the non-fringed petals. Syn.: Specklinia furcatipetala (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical-obovate, long-petiolate, subacute to obtuse, 20-35 mm long including the petiole 8-15 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a suberect, flexible, flexuous, loose, successively several- to many-flowered raceme, up to 8 cm long including the filiform peduncle 2-3 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.25 mm long; pedicel slender, 4-7 mm long; ovary sparsely spiculate, 1 mm long; sepals translucent with purple spots, carinate along the veins, with the ribs and margins sparsely spiculate, the apices acute, long-attenuate, the dorsal sepal narrowly triangular, 9 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, the lateral sepals triangular-ovate, oblique, acute, attenuate, 9 mm long, 2 mm wide, connate 0.75 mm; petals trans¬ lucent, oblong in the basal fourth below an acute fork on either side, acute, long-acuminate above, thick¬ ened in the distal third, 7 mm long, 0.75 mm wide; lip dark purple, oblong with the rounded apex de- flexed, 3.5 mm long expanded, 1.5 mm wide, diffusely minutely papillose, with cellular-papillose mar¬ gins, with an erect, subacute marginal lobe on either side on the lower third, the disc with a pair of forked calli anterior to the lobes, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column yellow, slender, semiterete, 2.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot concave between a pair of obtuse calli. ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: Chiviasa, east of Limon, alt. 1300 m, 21 Oct. 1999, A. Hirtz, E. Sanchez & S. Marin 7025 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 19358; Cordillera del Cutucu, east of Macas, alt. 800 m, cultivated at S. Arevalo in Macas, 1 Mar, 2001, C. Luer 19598 (MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordil¬ lera del Condor, Paquisha, alt. ca. 1500 m, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, 7 Mar, 2001, C. Luer 19838 (MO). This species, apparently endemic in southeastern Ecuador, is another in the numerous species related to Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer, a species-complex itself. The inflorescence is a flexible, remotely flowered raceme of successive SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 105 flowers. The sepals are purple-spotted and long-attenuate. Instead of cilia, teeth, or a fringe, the margins of the petals are singly forked on the basal quarter. The diffu¬ sely papillose, dark purple lip is oblong with the rounded apex deflexed. A pair of forked calli are present on the disc between the erect marginal lobes on the basal third. Muscareila gongylodes (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis gongylodes Luer, Selbyana 5: 166, 1979. Ety.: From the Greek gongylodes , “like a ball,” referring to the apex of the lip. Syn.: Specklinia gongylodes (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 257, 2001. Plant large for the genus, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1.5-2 cm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 3.5-6 cm long including the indistinct petiole ca. 1 cm long, 0.9-1 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, loose, flexuous, flexible, successively flowered raceme up to 13 cm long including the peduncle 5-6 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 2-3 mm long; pedi¬ cels slender, 10-15 mm long; ovary 2.5 mm long; sepals translucent greenish white with purple spots, carinate, glabrous, oblong below the middle, with the apex acute, contracted into a slender, terete tail ca. 6 mm long, the dorsal sepal 12-13 mm long, 3 mm wide, the lateral sepals 11-12 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, connate 2 mm; petals translucent with purple dots, ovate-sagittate, acute, shortly acuminate, irregularly serrate, 6 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the base abruptly short-unguiculate; lip red-brown, obovoid, thick, 4.5 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, the apex convex, globose, broadly rounded, with the sides recurved and meet¬ ing beneath, above the base with erect, subacute, marginal angles, shallowly channeled between, with a small, finlike callus on the undersurface below the middle, the base concave above the hinge, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 3.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 0.5 mm long. ECUADOR: Imbabura: epiphytic in scrub, subparamo forest west of Otavalo, alt. 3000 m, 17 Feb. 1978, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 2602 (Holotype: SEL). This species is probably endemic in high-altitude forests of northwestern Ecuador. It is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the larger than usual leaves that are far surpassed by a flexuous, distantly flowered raceme of rela¬ tively large flower. The sepals are spotted and caudate; the petals are acute and serrate; and the lip is obovoid with a large, prominent, spheroid apex. Muscareila helenae (Fawc. & Rendle) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis helenae Fawc. & Rendle, J. Bot. 47: 4, 1909. Ety.: Named for Miss Helen A. Wood, who made a drawing of the species for Fawcett and Rendle. Syn.: Specklinia helenae (Fawc. & Rendle) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-1.5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, subacute, 8-12 mm long including an indistinct petiole ca. 1 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflores¬ cence an erect, distantly and successively 2- to 3-flowered raceme up to 4 cm long including the pedun¬ cle 1-2 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicels 7 mm long below to 3 mm long above; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent light yellow-green, carinate, glabrous, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, acuminate, 4 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, 1-veined, the lateral sepals free, ovate, oblique, 4 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 1-veined; petals translucent, ovate, oblique, acute, long-acuminate, fimbriate above the subunguiculate base, 2.25 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip red, oblong-trilobed, thick, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apical half cellular-papillose with the tip broadly rounded, with the lateral lobes below the middle erect, thin, broadly rounded, microscopically fringed, the disc below the middle shallowly channeled between a pair of small, oblong, pubescent calli, the base with a “V- shaped” cavity, truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column arcuate, winged above the middle, 1.5 mm long, the foot channeled between a pair of rounded calli, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. JAMAICA: On trunks of trees, Mabess River, alt. 1150 m, W. Harris s.n. (Holotype: ?); Mt. Moses, alt. 3,500 ft., J.T. Syme 2279 (BM, NY). Vicinity of Cinchona, John Crow Peak, 2-10 Sept. 1906, N.L. Britton 275 (AMES, NY). Port Royal Mountains, crest of Mt. Horeb, alt. ca. 4,500 ft., G.R. Proctor 6674 (AMES). Surrey Co., Fairy Glade above Hardwar Gap, alt. 1350 m, 13 Nov. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Jesup & P. Jesup 11495 (MO). St. Andrew Parish, Blue Mountains, northwest of Morce’s Gap, alt. 5,000 ft., 8 July 1989, D.L Kelly Y S. Iramonger 9574 (TCD). 106 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Barahona: Monteada Nueva, Cana Brava, south of Cabral, alt. 1300 m, 15 June 1968, A.H. Liogier 11662 (NY). Constanza: Loma Redonda, Cienaga de la Culata, alt. 1600-1950 m, 23 Sept. 1969, A.H. Liogier 16042 (NY): Loma del Campanario, Cienaga de la Culata, alt. 1650-1850 m, 24 Sept. 1969, A.H. Liogier 16076 (AMES, NY); Yaquecillo, north of Culata, alt. 1600 m, 16 Oct. 1968, A.H. Liogier 13050 (NY); Loma de la Sal, between Jarabacoa and Constanza, alt. 1400 m, 30 Oct. 1968, A.H. Liogier (NY). Peravia: Loma de La Valvacoa, alt. 1300-1775 m, 14 July 1982, T. Zanoni, M. Mejia & J. Pimentel 21531 (AMES, NY). Bahoruco: Sierra de Bahoruco, near casa #2 toward Pueblo Viejo, alt. 1700 m, 7 May 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer & D. Dod 12209 (MO). Santiago: Pico Diego de Ocampo, alt. 1200 m, 17 Sept. 1968, A.H. Liogier 12698 (NY). HAITI: Massif du Nord, Ennery, top of Morne Basile, alt. ca. 1425 m, 15 June 1927, E.L. Ekman 8446 (AMES); Morne des Commissaires, near Oriani, alt. 5,800 ft., 27 July 1944, J.T. Curtiss 5 (AMES). CUBA: reported, specimen not seen. This species is known from the islands of Jamaica and Hispaniola, and reported from Cuba. It is characterized by the minute, caespitose habit with twice longer, hair-like racemes of two or three successive flowers. The sepals are carinate and acuminate; the petals are fimbriate and also acuminate; and the lip is red, thick and oblong, cellular-papillose and rounded at the apex. Below the middle the lateral lobes are low and broadly rounded, and a pair of pubescent, oblong calli are on the disc. Muscarella herpestes (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis herpestes Luer, Selbyana 5: 167, 1979. Ety.: From the Greek herpestes , “a creeping serpent,” in fancied illusion of the inflorescence. Syn.: Specklinia herpestes (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant small, terrestrial or epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-7 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 3-4 cm long including an indistinct subpetiolate base, 2.5-3 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below . Inflorescence a horizontal, more or less creeping, loose, successively few-flowered raceme, up to 4 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-1.5 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.5 mm long; pedicel slender, 1.5 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals translucent greenish white with dark purple spots, carinate, the dorsal sepal narrowly triangular, acute, long-attenuate, 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals ovate-falcate, oblique, acute, acuminate, 7 mm long, 2 mm wide, 2-veined, free; petals translucent with purple midvein, elliptical in lower third, long ciliate-fimbriate, acute, long-acuminate, 5 mm long, 0.75 mm wide excluding the cilia; lip heavily spotted with dark purple, ovate-trilobed, 4 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the margins long-ciliate, the apex rounded, with small, thin, erect, uncinate, mar¬ ginal lobes in lower fourth, the disc shallowly sulcate, the base broadly truncate, minutely bilobulate, firmly attached to the column-foot; column semiterete, 2.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot broad, 0.5 mm long. COSTA RICA: Cartago: epiphytic in forest below Empalma, alt. ca. 1900 m, 14 Sept. 1979, C. Luer, J. Luer, & K. S. Walter 4169 (Holotype: SEL). Heredia: near Vara Blanca, alt. ca. 1800 m, 15 Sept. 1979, C. Luer, J. Luer, & K. S. Walter 4184 (SEL). Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Estacion Cacao, Sendero Cerro Cacao, alt. 1200 m, 2 June 1990, Bernal Apu 3 (CR). This species is known only from the mountainous forests of central Costa Rica. An illustration by Endres is not known. Vegetatively not distinct, this species is distinguished by the lax, creeping raceme of successive flowers that resemble an insect or spider crawling through the loose substrate. The spotted sepals are long- acuminate with the tails of the lateral sepals and petals curving upward. The lip is long-ciliate with a pair of small, hooklike lobes below the middle. Muscarella ichthyonekys (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis ichthyonekys Luer, Selbyana 3: 316, 1976. Ety.: From the Greek ichthyonekys, “fish-carcass,” in fancied allusion to the petals. Syn.: Specklinia ichthyonekys (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant small, terrestrial to epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 5-12 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 2.5-5 cm long including an indistinct petiole 1-3 cm long, 6-9 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below. Inflorescence a horizontal, more or less creeping, loose, successively few-flowered raceme, up to 14 cm long including SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 107 the filiform peduncle 2-3 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel slender, 2.5-4 mm long; ovary 1-1.5 mm long; sepals dark red-purple, carinate, the dorsal sepal narrowly triangular, acute, attenuate, 7-9 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals ovate, oblique, 6.5- 9 mm long, 6-7.5 mm wide, 2-veined, connate 3-4 mm; petals translucent with purple midvein, elliptical in lower third, sparsely long ciliate-fimbriate, acute, long-acuminate, 5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide excluding the cilia; lip dark red, pandurate-trilobed, 4.5-5.5 mm long, 3 mm wide across the lobes expanded, the apex broadly rounded, cellular, with thin, erect, oblong, marginal lobes in lower third, the disc shallowly sulcate between a pair of erect, rounded calli between the apical lobe and the lateral lobes, the base concave with tall margins, hinged to the column-foot; column clavate, 3-4 mm long, the anther, rostel- lum and stigma ventral, the foot concave, 1.5 mm long. ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: epiphytic in dwarf forest between Loja and Zamora, alt. 2800 m, 6 Mar. 1977, C. Luer, J. Luer & K. Cordoba 1571 (Holotype: MO); east of pass east of Loja, alt. 2600 m, 21 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. & P. Jesup 16064 (MO); forest east of Yangana, alt. 2850 m, 19 Mar. 1982, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 7192 (SEL); Cajanuma range south of Loja, alt. 2950 m, 21 Mar. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 10800 (MO). This species is found occasionally in mountainous forests of southeastern Ecuador. Although vegetatively similar to most of the other members of the genus, this species is distinguished by the loose raceme of successive, dark purple flowers that creeps in the surrounding substrate. The sepals are acuminate; the petals are long-ciliate below the aristate apex; and the lip is three-lobed with a broad, rounded apex and oblong, erect lateral lobes in the lower third. Muscarella infinita (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis infinita Luer & Hirtz, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 1(2): 13, 1997. Ety.: From the Latin infinitus, “boundless,” referring to the limitless variations of the lip . found in Pleurothallis zephyrina Rchb.f. [=Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer], Syn.: Specklinia infinita (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 2 mm long, enclosed by 1-2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 15-17 mm long including a petiole 4-5 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the base. Inflorescence a loose, successively few-flowered raceme up to 6 cm long including the filiform peduncle 3-4 cm long; floral bract thin, 1 mm long; pedicel 5-6 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals translucent light yellow, car¬ inate, glabrous, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, concave, acute, long-attenuate, 5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the lateral sepals free, narrowly ovate, oblique, acute, long-attenuate, 5 mm long, 1 mm wide; petals similarly colored, ovate below the middle, fimbriate, 3.25 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, acute, contracted into a filiform apex above the middle; lip light yellow with 2 purple stripes, ovate-trilobed, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apical lobe rounded, cellular-glandular, the lateral lobes broadly rounded, erect, with obtuse, antrorse apices above the middle, the disc featureless, cellular-glandular, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column green, semiterete, 1.5 mm long, the foot thick, 1 mm long, bicallous at the base. BOLIVIA: La Paz: Nor Yungas, Alto Yipe, alt. 1700 m, collected in Aug. 1991 by A. Hirtz et al., flow¬ ered in cultivation in Quito, Ecuador, Dec. 1991, A. Hirtz 5695 (Holotype: MO); C. Luer illustr. 16207. This species is another of the numerous species related to Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer. Although basically similar in all these variations, the lip varies in some degree in every population. The ovate lip of this species, however, is charac¬ terized by broadly rounded lateral lobes that end in obtuse angles above the middle with a featureless disc in between. In the variations considered to represent M. zephyrina , a pair of erect, marginal angles with medial calli are present above the base, and the lip is narrowed medially, often with some teeth or fringe. Muscarella intonsa (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis intonsa Luer, Orquideologia 14: 156, 1981. Ety.: From the Latin intonsus , “unshaven,” referring to the lip. Syn.: Specklinia intonsa (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 2-6 mm long, enclosed by 1-2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 10-25 mm long including a petiole 5-10 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence 108 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM a loose, flexuous, flexible, successively several-flowered raceme up to 10 cm long including the filiform peduncle 3-4 cm long; floral bract thin, 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel 5-12 mm long; ovary 1-2 mm long; sepals translucent light green, suffused with rose, glabrous, narrowly ovate, acute, the dorsal sepal 8.5-9 mm long, 2-2.25 mm wide, the lateral sepals free, oblique, acute, 9 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide; petals similarly colored, ovate, acute, shortly fimbriate, 7.5-8 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide; lip dark purple, ovoid- trilobed, 2.25-2.5 mm long, 1-1.25 mm wide, the apical lobe rounded, decurved, smooth, with long-ci- liate margins, the lateral lobes small, erect, obtuse, the disc with a deep central cavity with well-defined margins, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column green, semiterete, 1.5 mm long, the foot thick with the end of the ovary. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Caldas, Alto de San Miguel, Morro Gil, alt. 2550 m, 26 Jan. 1974, R. Escobar et al. 1121 (Holotype: JAUM); same collection, flowered by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 23 Jan. 1978, C. Luer 2317 (SEL); sine loc., flowered in cultivation at J & L Orchids, Easton, CT, 18 Nov. 1977, C. Luer 2232 (SEL). This species is apparently endemic in the Central Cordillera of Colombia. Similar in habit, it is distinguished from other members of this genus by the loose, long-pedicellate raceme of comparatively large flowers with acute sepals and petals. The petals are shortly fimbriate. The lip is thick and ovoid with an erect pair of short, basal lobes with a thickly margined cavity between them. The apex is smooth, rounded and convex with a long-ciliate margin that curves beneath. Muscarella kennedyi (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis kennedyi Luer, Selbyana 3: 326, 1976. Ety.: Named in honor of the late Dr. George Kennedy of Los Angeles, CA. Syn.: Specklinia kennedyi (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 9-14 mm long in¬ cluding an indistinct petiole, 3-4 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, flexuous, flexible, successively few-flowered raceme up to 5 cm long including the filiform peduncle ca. 3 cm long; floral bract thin, 1 mm long; pedicel 6 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals yellow, marked with purple in broken lines along the veins, serrulate-carinate, sparsely short-pubescent externally, oblong-ovate, shallowly concave, obtuse, contracted into short, thick, orange tails, the dorsal sepal 5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, connate below the middle; petals similarly colored, ovate, subacute, thickened at the orange apex, shortly fimbriate, 2.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide; lip dark purple, ovoid-trilobed, 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apical lobe round¬ ed, convex, minutely verrucose, the lateral lobes occupying the basal half of the lip, erect, thick, rounded, the disc longitudinally channeled, with a longitudinal carina beneath, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 1.75 mm long, toothed at the apex, the foot thick. PERU: San Martin: near Divisoria, flowered in cultivation 11 Feb. 1977, G. Kennedy s.n. (Holotype: SEL), C. Luer illustr. 363-S. This species is apparently rare and endemic in northern Peru. Similar in habit to the other very small species of the genus, it is distinguished by shortly fringed petals; short, thick, orange tails of the sepals; and a thick, minutely verrucose lip with thick, erect lateral lobes. Muscarella latilabris (Foldats) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis latilabris Foldats, Acta. Bot. Venez. 3: 376, 1968. Ety.: From the Latin latilabris, “with a broad lip,” referring to the labellum. Syn.: Specklinia latilabris (Foldats) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 5-7 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical-obovate, subacute, 20-30 mm long including an indistinct petiole, 3-4 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, loose, nearly simultaneously few-flowered raceme up to 5 cm long including the filiform peduncle 2.5-4 cm long; floral bract thin, 1.5 mm long; pedicel 3-5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long, long-pubescent; sepals translucent light yellow-green with large purple spots, sparsely long-ciliate-pubescent, carinate-spiculate, the blades ovate, concave, occupying the lower third, the apex subacute, contracted into twice longer tails, the dorsal sepal 10 mm long (tail 7 mm long), 2.2 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 10 mm long (tail 6 mm long), 2.5 mm wide; petals translucent with purple margins and central stripe, ovate in lower SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 109 fourth, long-ciliate, acute, long-caudate, 4 mm long (tail 3 mm long); lip dark purple, ovoid-trilobed, 2.2 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, the apex rounded, convex, verrucose, shortly fimbriate, the lateral lobes erect, oblong, obtuse, ciliate, the disc channeled between a pair of thick calli occupying the middle third, the base truncate, microscopically bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 2 mm long, the foot thick. VENEZUELA: Tachira: headwaters of the Rfo Quinimari, above Rio de La Quebrada, alt. 2600 m, date not recorded, J.A. Steyermark, G.C.K. & E. Dunsterville 10881 (Holotype: VEN). COLOMBIA: Boyaca: near Chiquinquira, secondary forest, alt. 3000 m, 2 Jan. 1993, A. De Wilde 4437 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 16617. Cundinamarca: Usaquen, alt. 2900-3000 m, 1 Nov. 1948, M. Schneider 229 (S). This species occurs in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and adjacent west¬ ernmost Venezuela. Similar in habit, it is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the loose raceme of a few, nearly simultaneously opening, spotted flowers. The sepals are sparsely long-ciliate-pubescent and long-caudate. The petals are long-ciliate below the long-caudate apex. The lip is thick and short with tall, erect, oblong, lateral lobes, and a verrucose, fimbriate apex. Muscarella lipothrix (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis lipothrix Luer, Phytologia 55: 201, 1984. Ety.: From the Greek lipothrix, “hairless,” referring to the glabrous lip. Syn.: Specklinia lipothrix (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 15-30 mm long including a petiole 5-10 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, subflexuous, successively several-flowered raceme up to 12 cm long including the filiform peduncle 3-4 cm long; floral bract thin, 1 mm long; pedicel 9 mm long below to 4 mm long above; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent light green, carinate, with the carinae and margins minutely and sparsely denticulate, narrowly ovate, acute, long-acuminate, the dorsal sepal 7.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals free, oblique, 7.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; petals translucent, elliptical and ciliate in basal third, 4.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apex acute, long-acuminate; lip dull red, glabrous, thick, oblong-trilobed, 2.6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apical lobe broadly subtruncate, convex, smooth, the lateral lobes on lower third, low, oblong, erect, obtuse, the disc with a well-defined, longitudinal channel below the middle, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column green, semiterete, 2 mm long, the foot thick with the end of the ovary. EDUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: between Loja and Zamora, alt. 1400 m, collected by D. D’Alessandro, cultivated at Vilcabamba, 2 Nov. 1982, C. Luer 8267 (Holotype: SEL). This species is apparently endemic in southeastern Ecuador. Similar in habit to most of the other species of the genus, it is distinguished by the loose, long- pedicellate raceme of comparatively large flowers with long-acuminate sepals and petals. The blades of the petals are ciliate. The lip is thick, glabrous and oblong, convex above the middle and channeled below the middle between low, basal lobes. Muscarella llamachoi (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis llamachoi Luer, Lindleyana 13: 146, 1998. Ety.: Named in honor of Juan Llamacho of Holguin, Cuba, who discovered this species. Syn.: Specklinia llamachoi (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant minute, epiphytic, caespitose; roots proportionately thick. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, acute to subacute, 7-9 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, the base cuneate into a petiole 1-1.5 mm long. Inflorescence a suberect, loose, successively 2- to 4-flowered raceme 8-12 mm long including the peduncle 5-6 mm long; borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicels 1 mm long; ovary 0.6 mm long; sepals translucent rose with purple stripes along veins, carinate, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acute, thickened in the distal quarter, narrowly rounded at the tip, 4.3 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals ovate, acute, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, connate 1.5 mm; petals translucent with purple stripe, obovate, acute, 2.5 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, with the margins deeply lacerate; lip purple with darker purple stripe and dots, ovate-subtrilobed, 3.3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the apex denticulate and rounded, with the margins 110 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM lacerate and erect below the middle into fimbriate lobes on the lower quarter, the disc shallowly concave and cellular-papillose between low, submarginal calli below the middle, the apical third with numerous, minute, radiating veins from the center to the margins, the base cuneate and concave to the column-foot to which it is solidly united; column slender, semiterete, winged toward the apex, 2 mm long, bidentate at the tip, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long. CUBA: Holguin: Mayan, Sierra de Nipe, epiphytic in moist forest behind cabins of Agricultural Station, alt. 650 m, discovered by Juan Llamacho, 25 Nov. 1997, C. Luer, J. Luer, M. Diaz, J . Llamacho, J. Ackerman, K. & R. Dressier 18631 (Holotype: HAJB; Isotype: MO). This species is locally abundant but known from only one area of the Sierra de Nipe. It is distinguished by the very small habit with proportionately large, purple- striped flowers. The little elliptical leaves are surpassed by a loose, successively few-flowered raceme. The tip of the narrow dorsal sepal is thickened; the laterals are acute. The petals are deeply lacerate. The oblong lip is also lacerate with erect lobes above the base. The cuneate base of the lip is narrowly concave and solidly united to the tip of the column-foot. Muscarella longilabris (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis longilabris Lindl., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, 1: 328, 1858. Ety.: From the Latin longilabris , “with long lip,” referring to the labellum. Syn.: Specklinia longilabris (Lindl.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant minute, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, acute, acuminate, apiculate, 5-12 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, the base cuneate into a petiole 1-1.5 mm long. Inflorescence a suberect, loose, flexuous, successively 6- to 8-flowered raceme 3-4 cm long including the peduncle 1-1.5 cm long; borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicels 2.5-3.5 mm long; ovary 0.8 mm long; sepals dark purple, yellow-green toward the tips, carinate, glabrous, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate-triangular, acute, 4 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals ovate-triangular, acute, 4.3 mm long, 1.4 mm wide, connate 1 mm; petals translucent with purple stripe, unevenly elliptical, unguiculate, acute, 3.75 mm long, 1 mm wide, with the margins deeply and irregularly lacerate; lip purple, deeply pandurate, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide across the erect, oblong, retrorse, basal lobes expanded, with the margins minutely lacerate, 0.6 mm wide across the isthmus, the apical third ovate, obtuse, concave, minutely denticulate, 3 mm wide expanded, the disc with a cellular-papillose callus on the basal half, becoming numerous, minute, radiating veins from the center to the margins, the base subunguiculate firmly united to the column-foot; column slender, broadly winged above the middle, 1.75 mm long, tridentate at the tip, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 0.5 mm long. CUBA: Oriente, 1856-57, C. Wright 651 in part (Holotype: K, Isotypes: BR, MO, NY); Oriente, near Monte Verde, Jan.-July 1859, C. Wright 1502 (AMES, BR, HAC, K, LE, MO, P), C. Luer illustr. 18801; sine loc., 1857, Asa Gray s.n. (BR); Sierra Cristal, Loma Los Mulos, 2-7 Apr. 1956, Bro. Alain, J. Acuna & M. Lopez F. 5360, 5463, 5476 (HAC, HAJB). This species occurs locally in the mountains of the Oriente of Cuba. It is distin¬ guished by the very small habit with acute leaves and with an elongated, lax, flexu¬ ous, successively flowered raceme. The sepals are acute. The petals are irregularly lacerate, a character common to Muscarella Luer. The lip, nearly as long as the sepals, is deeply pandurate with a very narrow isthmus between erect basal lobes and an ovate, concave apical lobe. The base is solidly united to the tip of the column-foot. Muscarella macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis macroblepharis Rchb.f., Gard. Chron, 2: 772, 1874. Ety.: From the Greek macroblepharis , “with large eyelashes,” referring to the ciliate petals. Syn.: Masdevallia culex Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1: 361, 404, 488, 1888. Ety.: From the Latin culex , “a mosquito,” in fancied allusion to the flower. Syn.: Masdevallia pulex hort. ex. Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. 1: 488, 1888, sphalm. Syn.: Specklinia macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 111 Plant medium in size for the genus, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 5-8 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 20-45 mm long including a petiole 8-20 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, subflexuous, flexible, successively several-flowered raceme up to 15 cm long including the filiform peduncle 4-5 cm long; floral bract 1.5-2 mm long; pedicel 3-6 mm long; ovary 2-3 mm long; sepals translucent light green, spotted or veined in purple, carinate, sparsely short-ciliate- pubescent, narrowly ovate, acute, long-acuminate, the dorsal sepal 11-16 mm long, 2 mm wide, the later¬ al sepals oblique, 11-14 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, connate 1-3 mm; petals translucent with purple mid¬ vein, elliptical and long-ciliate in basal half, 5-6.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, the apex acute, long-acu¬ minate; lip dark purple, oblong-trilobed, 3.25-4.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apical lobe oblong, round¬ ed, verrucose, coarsely ciliate on margins and beneath, the lateral lobes on lower third, erect, subacute to acute, the disc shallowly channeled between calli from the lateral lobes, the base truncate, minutely bi- auriculate, hinged to the column-foot; column green, semiterete, 3 mm long, the foot thick. PERU: northern Peru, without specific locality, collected by B. Roezl 2669, flowered in cultivation at Donnaueschingen, Baden, by M. Kirchhojf s.n. (Holotype: W; Isotype: AMES); from Roezl, cultivated 1878, 1879, by Bull 607, 657 (W). Piura: Huancabamba, rain forest between Camhoque and Huanca- bamba, alt. 2050 m, D. Bennett 4254 (MO); Huancabamba, above Canchaque, alt. 2030 m, 12 Sept. 1964, P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 6553 (F, UC). ECUADOR: Carchi: Maldonado, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, Apr. 2001, A. Hirtz 7603 (MO). Imbabura: Los Cedros Reserve, wet forest, alt. 1500 m, 25 Jan. 1993, S. Dalstrom, I Hdijer & H. Wanntorp 1765 (MO). El Oro: Pinas, 14 Mar. 1984, A. Hirtz 1072 (MO). Loja: forest remnant, new road between Santa Rosa and Loja, alt. 2000 m, 20 Mar. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz & W. Flores 10692 (MO); epiphytic in seasonally dry, forested valley near El Cisne, alt. 2350 m, 26 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Embree 12038 (MO); same area, alt. 2500 m, 19 Feb. 1988, U. Molau & B. Eriksen 3106 (GB); Santa Isabel, alt. 1600 m, Apr. 1991, A. Hirtz 5428 (MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordillera del Condor, Paquisha, alt. 1000 m, flowered in cultivation at Ecuagenera, 11 Jan. 2004, A. Hirtz 8660 (MO). COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Repressa de Anchicaya, alt. 900 m, collected by Martha Robledo, cultivated at La Ceja, 9 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13084 (MO). Choco: El Embarcodero, collected by J. Miranda, cultivated at La Ceja by M. & O. Robledo, 19 Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14276 (MO). Risaralda: near Pereira, cultivated by S. Tsubota. 10 May 1993, C. Luer 16759 (MO). Cauca: Volcan Purace, alt. 7,000 ft., 18 May 1878, EC. Lehmann s.n. (W). Risaralda: collected near Pereira, flowered in cultivation by S. Tsubota, 10 May 1993, C. Luer 16759 (MO). This species is relatively frequent and morphologically variable in its wide dis- triburion from the Central Cordillera of Colombia through Ecuador into northern Peru. It is characterized by the cluster of narrowly obovate leaves and a loose, lengthening, successively flowered raceme of large flowers. The sepals are long- acuminate and usually spotted. The degree of pubescence is variable. The blades of the petals are long-ciliate. The lip is oblong with the apex rounded and verrucose with the undersurface ciliate and pubescent, and with a pair of erect, marginal lobes on the lower third. Muscarella marginata (Rich.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Epidendrum marginatum Rich., Actes Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris 1: 112, 1792, non Pleurothallis marginata Lindl., Bot. Reg. 34: Misc. 42, 1848. Ety.: From the Latin marginatus, “marginate,” referring to the leaves. Syn.: Pleurothallis alata A.Rich. & Galeotti, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, 3: 17, 1845. Ety.: From the Latin alatus, “winged,” possibly referring to the column. Syn.: Pleurothallis spectrilinguis Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., 2: 457, 1882. Ety.: From the Latin spectrilinguis, “a lip worth beholding,” referring to the spectacular lip. Syn.: Pleurothallis marginata (Rich.) Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 478, 1896, non P. marginata Lindl. 1838. Syn.: Restrepia liebmanniana Kraenzl., Vidensk. Meddel. Dansk Naturhist. Foren. Kjobenhavn 71: 171, 1920. Ety.: Named for Frederik M. Liebmann of Copenhagen, who collected this species in Mexico. Syn.: Pleurothallis hastata Ames, Orchidaceae 2: 268, 1908. Ety.: From the Latin hastatus, “arrowhead-shaped,” referring to the labellum. 112 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Syn.: Pleurothallis scopula Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 28, 1910. Ety.: From the Latin scopula , “a little broom,” referring to the fasciculate inflorescence. Syn.: Specklinia hastata (Ames) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia alata (A.Rich. & Galeotti) Solano & Soto Arenas, Icon. Orch. (Mex.) 5-6; x, 2003. Syn.: Specklinia spectrilinguis (Rchb.f.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Plant small to very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 18-25 mm long including the petiole 3-5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. In¬ florescence a congested raceme of successive flowers borne by an erect, filamentous peduncle, 25-40 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicels slender, 5-6 mm long; ovary 2 mm long; sepals translucent pale yellow with purple spots, carinate, sparsely denticulate on the margins and carinae, narrowly ovate, acute, contracted into a slender tail about as long as the blade, the dorsal sepal, 7-10 mm long, 1.5-1.75 mm wide, the lateral sepals, 7-9 mm long, 1.5-1.75 mm wide, connate basally; petals translucent, narrowly ovate, acute, serrulate, long-serrate on the lower margin, 3 mm long, 0.6 mm wide; lip dark purple, oblong-trilobed, thick, 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex convex, broadly rounded, long-ciliate-fringed, the sides above the base with erect, obtuse lobes, the disc minutely verrucose, channeled between a pair of calli extending forward from the lateral lobes, with a finlike callus on the undersurface below the middle, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate at the comers, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 2.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot with a pair of minutely verrucose calli at the tip. MEXICO: sine loc., A. Richard s.n. (Holotype of Epidendrum marginatum: W). Vera Cruz: Mirador, alt. 3,000 ft., without date, Galeotti 5197 (holotype of R alata: BR, W); near Mirador, Mar. 1842, F.M. Liebmann 7349 (holotype of Restrepia liebmanniana: C); sine loc., cultivated at Glasnevin, Ireland, received from F. W. Moore 383 (W); sine loc., Leibold s.n. (W); Vera Cruz, near Mirador, Nov. 1842, F.M. Liebmann 7298 (orchid nr. 127, 128, 129) (C); Feb. 1842, F.M. Liebmann 7299 (orchid nr. 129) (C); Zacuapan, alt. 900-1000 m, Feb. 1915, C.A. Purpus 2151 (AMES, BREM); sine loc., cultivated at Glasnevin, Ireland, received from F.W. Moore 383 (W); near Zacuapan, alt. 900 m, 11 Feb. 1932, O. Nagel 2659 (AMES). Chiapas: La Independencia, Santa Elena valley east of Montebello National Park, alt. 760 m, 21 Jan. 1982, D.E. Breedlove 57670 (CAS); Ocosingo, road to Boca Lacantum, alt. 180 m, 15 Sept. 1985, E. Martinez S. 13871 (MEXU, MO). Sine loc., cultivated at the Hamburg Botanical Garden, received in 1883 from Mr. James O’Brien s.n. (holotype of P. spectrilinguis: W). GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: Cubilgiiitz, alt. 350 m, Dec. 1901, H. von Tiirckheim 501 (holotype of P. hastata: AMES; isotype: US); Cubilgiiitz, May 1903, H. von Tiirckheim 11-1180 (AMES); Finca Chicoy north of Coban, alt. ca. 1500 m, collected and cultivated by O. Archila, Coban, 13 Feb. 1990, C. Luer 14634 (MO); La Escalera, alt. ca. 1500 m, collected and cultivated by H. Ibanez in Coban, 14 Feb. 1990, C. Luer 14655 (MO). HONDURAS: Comayagua: Pito Solo, Lake Yojoa, alt. 2,000 ft., 1 Sept. 1932, J.B. Edwards 234a (AMES). Sine loc., O. Ames s.n. (AMES). NICARAGUA: Matagalpa: Cerro Matapalos, alt. 1380 m, A.H. Heller 1261 (SEL). Relatively frequent in Mexico and Guatemala, this species was first described from Mexico as Epidendrum marginatum by L.C. Richard in 1792. In 1845, it was described as Pleurothallis alata A.Rich. & Galeotti, and again from Mexico, by Richard and Galeotti. Reichenbach’s sketch on the type sheet of P. spectrilinguis \=Muscarella marginata (Rich.) Luer at W, leaves no doubt of its identity. Not having been recognized from any of the scanty, early descriptions, the species became known as Pleurothallis hastata [=M. marginata ], from a Guatemalan col¬ lection, and a similar species from Costa Rica acquired the name P. strumosa [=Muscarella strumosa (Ames) Luer. Muscarella marginata is characterized by the very small, narrow leaves and a fascicle of slender pedicels borne above the leaves by a slender peduncle. The sepals are mottled with purple, sparsely spiculate, and with tails of variable length. Short tails are relatively thick; long tails about as long as the blade are slender. The petals are small and irregularly shortly lacerate. The lip is dark purple and oblong and convex with the sides revolute, sometimes meeting beneath to create a tube. The margins are minutely denticulate or lacerate. Erect marginal lobes are present on the lower third with a pair of calli. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 113 Muscarella megalops (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis megalops Luer, Selbyana 7: 118, 1982. Ety.: From the Greek megalops , “large appearance,” referring to the lip. Syn.: Specklinia megalops (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant large for the genus, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 5-10 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 30-45 mm long including a petiole 5-20 mm long, 7-9 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, subflexuous, flexible, successively several-flowered raceme up to 18 cm long including the filiform peduncle 4-5 cm long; floral bract 2 mm long; pedicel 5-7 mm long; ovary 3 mm long; sepals translucent green, spotted with purple, prickly-carinate, sparsely ciliate, narrowly oblong, with the acute apices contracted into slender tails slightly shorter than the blades, the dorsal sepal 22 mm long, 3 mm wide, the lateral sepals free, oblique, 23 mm long, 3 mm wide; petals translucent, narrowly triangular, 14 mm long, 1 mm wide at the base, long-ciliate, with the apex long-acuminate; lip red-pur¬ ple, obovate-trilobed, 13 mm long, 6 mm wide, the apical lobe broadly obovate, convex with the margins incurved, rounded, long-ciliate and long-pubescent externally, the lateral lobes above the base, erect, acute, the disc shallowly channeled between calli from the lateral lobes, the base truncate, densely fixed to the column-foot; column green, semiterete, 3 mm long, the foot thick. EDUADOR: Azuay: epiphytic in the western forested slopes of Azuay, cultivated by B. Malo at Tarqui, 26 Feb. 1982, C. Luer 7025 (Holotype: SEL). El Oro: sine loc., El Cisne, alt. 8,000 ft., as “Restrepia,” collector either Andre or Lehmann (W). Loja: El Cisne, alt. 1600 m, cultivated at Gualaceo, 1999, A. Hirtz 7143 (MO). This species, most closely allied to Muscarella macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Luer, is rare in southwestern Ecuador. Vegetatively, it is larger than most other members of the genus. The inflorescence is a long, loose, flexuous raceme of large, spectacu¬ lar flowers. The spotted sepals long and narrow with tails slightly shorter than the blades. The petals are long-ciliate below the aristate apex. The lip, by far the lar¬ gest in the genus, is obovate and convex with erect, long-ciliate and pubescent margins. Muscarella oblonga (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis oblonga Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 174, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin oblongus, “oblong,” referring to the labellum. Syn.: Specklinia oblonga (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 15-30 mm long including the petiole 5-10 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflores¬ cence an erect, loose, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 10 cm long including the filiform peduncle 2-4 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.5-2 mm long; pedicel slender, 4-5 mm long; ovary, 1.5 mm long; sepals translucent yellow, striped with brown along the veins, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acute, long-attenuate, 10 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals narrowly ovate, oblique, acute, long-attenuate, 10 mm long, 2 mm wide, connate 0.5 mm; petals translucent yellow with brown midvein, ovate in the basal third, lacerate, acute, long-acuminate, 7 mm long, 1 mm wide; lip yellow, brown down the center, oblong, 3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the margin near the middle minutely denticulate, the apex broadly rounded, the disc with a low pair of parallel calli on the middle third, the base broadly rounded, hinged to the column-foot; column terete, 1.25 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 0.5 mm long, shallowly concave. ECUADOR: Pichincha: epiphytic in wet, west flank of Volcan Illiniza, Cerro Azul, alt. 2,800 m, 23 Jan. 1987, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 12479 (Holotype: MO); La Liberia west of Quito, alt. 2,700 m, Nov. 1983, A. Hirtz 1416 (MO); Pelagallo, alt. 2800 m, 6 Dec. 1984, A. Hirtz 2144 (MO). Vegetatively similar to the majority of the species of the genus, Muscarella oblonga is distinguished from them by the simple, flat, oblong lip. Escept for this feature is most similar to the common and variable M. zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer. 114 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Muscarella perangusta (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis perangusta Luer, Selbyana 3: 162, 1976. Ety.: From the Latin perangustus, “very narrow,” referring to the leaves and sepals. Syn.: Specklinia perangusta (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly linear, semiterete, acute, 25-40 mm long, 2 mm wide, gradually narrowed below to the base. Inflorescence a loose, flexible, lightly flexuous, suc¬ cessively several-flowered raceme, up to 15 cm long including the filiform peduncle 5-6 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 12 mm long below to 6 mm long above; ovary 2.5 mm long; sepals translucent yellow with brown veins, glabrous, carinate, ovate in the basal half, the apex acute, long-attenuate, the dorsal sepal 11 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 12 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, connate 2 mm; petals translucent, elliptical-ovate, acute, long-ci- liate on the lower margin, 3.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; lip yellow, dark purple toward the apex, oblong- trilobed, 3.25 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex, oblong, rounded, convex, with the margins revolute, ciliate beneath, with a longitudinal, fin-like callus beneath below the middle, the disc below the middle with erect, subacute marginal angles or lobes, sulcate medially between a pair of thick calli within the lobes, the calli touching medially to create an opening toward the middle and the other at the base, the base truncate, very minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 3 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick, bicallous, dark purple, EDUADOR: Napo: epiphytic in wet forest west of Tena, alt. 600 m, 26 July 1975, J. Brenner 14 (Holo- type: SEL), same collection, flowered in cultivation 22 Mar. 1976, C. Luer 284-S (SEL); between Rio Jatunyacu and Pano, alt. 800 m, 22 Feb. 2004, A. Hirtz & X. Hirtz 8680 (MO). This species occurs in the wet, forested lowland of eastern Ecuador. It is charac¬ terized by slender, semiterete leaves two millimeters in diameter, and a long, flexu¬ ous, successively flowered raceme. The sepals are narrow and acuminate with tails about as long as the blades. The petals are simply acute with a row of cilia on the lower margin. The lip is oblong with the apex rounded and convex with the ciliate margin beneath. The disc is channeled below the middle between a pair of thick calli within erect, marginal lobes. Muscarella quinqueseta (Ames) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis quinqueseta Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 35, 1925. Ety: From the Latin quinquisetus, “with five bristles,” referring to the tails of the sepals and petals. Syn.: Specklinia quinqueseta (Ames) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 263, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 10-25 mm long including the petiole 3-8 mm long, 2.5-4 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflorescence a suberect, flexible, flexuous, loose, gradually lengthening, several-flowered raceme of successive flowers, up to 7 cm long including the peduncle 2-3 cm long, from near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1.5 mm long; pedicels 7-8 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent light green, suffused with purple, glabrous, membranous, narrowly ovate, acute, acuminate-caudate, the tails much longer than the blade, the dorsal sepal 11-12 mm long, 1.25-1.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals ob¬ lique, 11-12 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, connate at the base; petals translucent, with the midvein purple, lacerate and elliptical in the basal sixth, acute long-attenuate, 10-11 mm long, 1 mm wide; lip purple, three-lobed, oblong, 2.25 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, the apex ovate, obtuse, less cellular-glandular, with the lateral lobes erect, acute, on the lower third, the disc shallowly channeled between calli from the lateral lobes, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column slender, semiterete, 1.75 mm long, the foot short, thick, bicallous, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: San Ramon, 1869, A. Endres 248 (W). San Jose: San Jose, La Hondura, alt. 1300-1700 m, 2-4 Mar. 1924, PC. Standley 36283 (Holotype: AMES, Isotype: US). PANAMA: Chiriqui: Guadelupe, cultivated by A. Maduro, Dec. 1983, C. Luer 9342 (SEL). This Central American species is very closely allied to the frequent, Andean Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer, differing from the latter in the proportionately much longer tails of the sepals, and especially the petals. Plants answering the description of M. zephyrina are unknown in Central America. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 115 Muscarella rojohnii Luer, sp. nov. Ety.: Named for Dr. Claire Rojohn of Hales Corners, WI, co-collector of this species Planta parva caespitosa hirsutissima, foliis minute ciliatis, pedunculo repenti ciliatis, sepalis libris longicaudatis longiciliatis punctatis, etiam petalis longicaudatis longiciliatis, et labello crasso calceoli- formi distinguitur. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots fleshy. Ramicauls erect, slender, 4-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 ribbed sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, minutely ciliate, narrowly elliptical, obtuse, 15-20 mm long including a petiole 3-4 mm long, 4-5.5 mm wide, narrowed below into the petiole; Inflorescence a pros¬ trate to descending, creeping, loosely and successively flowered raceme, up to 7 cm long or longer in¬ cluding the peduncle ca. 3 cm long, with the peduncle and rachis long-ciliate, borne from the ramicaul; floral bract broadly infundibular, 1.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; pedicel slender, long-ciliate, 4-6 mm long; ovary densely villous-pubescent, 1.5 mm long; sepals translucent greenish white, spotted with purple, with carinae long-spiculate, the dorsal sepal elliptical-ovate, acute, contracted into a slender tail longer than the blade, 20 mm long, 2.5 mm with, the tail 12-13 mm long, the lateral sepals connate 4 mm into a broad, oblong lamina, 6 mm long, 8 mm wide, with obtuse apices contracted into slender tails 10-13 mm long; petals translucent, ovate and long-ciliate in basal quarter, acute, acuminate into a slender tail, 10 mm long, 1 mm wide; lip purple, thickly ovoid, 3 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the apex rounded, the outer thirds obscurely rugose, the center third with a deep, circular cavity, the basal half with erect rounded margins with a narrow, horse shoe-shaped callus medial to each, deeply concave above the membranous, obscurely bilobulate base, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, spotted with purple, 3 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long. ECUADOR: Loja: at the pass north of Loja, alt. 200 m, collected by C. Rojohn, D. D’Alessandro & L. Mendoza, C. Luer 21988 (Holotype: MO). This unique species has recently been found for the first time in an area that has been frequented by orchid hunters for a century. It is distinguished by little, ellipti¬ cal leaves and a creeping, pubescent peduncle similar to that of Muscarella fimbriata (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer, which was described in Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. by Ames. A few comparatively large, long-tailed flowers are produced successively. Fine cilia as seen on the peduncle are also present on the sepals, petals, and pedi¬ cels, and densely matted on the ovary. The lip is small, thick, and shaped like an old shoe with wrinkled sides. Muscarella samacensis (Ames) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis samacensis Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 22, 1923. Ety.: Named for the community of Samac, Alta Verapaz, Guatemata, where the species was first collected. Syn.: Specklinia samacensis (Ames) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Plant small to very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 2-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 short, ribbed sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 12-37 mm long including the petiole 5-12 mm long, 3-6 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a prostrate to descending, creeping, lax, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 6 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-2 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract echinate, 0.5-1.5 mm long; pedicel slender, ascending, 2-5 mm long; ovary spiculate, 0.75-1 mm long; sepals translucent yellow, spotted or lined with purple, with margins and carinae spiculate, narrowly ovate, acute, the dorsal sepal 3.75-7 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals essentially free, oblique, 3.75-7 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, 3-veined; petals translucent yellow, narrowly ovate, 3.5-6 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide, the margins with a few long-lacerate processes below the middle, the apex long-acuminate; lip purple-black, spathulate, 2.5-4 mm long, 1.5-2.25 mm wide, the anterior half subcir¬ cular with the sides more or less reflexed, more or less microscopically denticulate, with a pair of erect, acute to narrowly rounded marginal angles on the lower third, with a low, longitudinal pair of carinae within the angles, shallowly channeled between, the base truncate, minutely biauriculate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 1.75-2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot bicallous. GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: Samac near Coban, alt. 4500 ft., Oct. 1920, O. Ames 765 (Holotype: AMES); Finca Gualom near Coban, alt. 1500 m, collected and cultivated by O. Archila in Coban, 13 Feb. 1990, C. Luer 14638 (MO). 116 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM COSTA RICA: sine loc., A. Endres 25 (W). Heredia: Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, alt. 2000 m, 22 Feb. 1926, PC. Standley & J. Valerio 49829 (AMES). COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Yarumal, Cabeceros Spiruto Santo, alt. 2500 m, cultivated by M. & O. Roble¬ do at La Ceja, 23 Jan. 1978, C. Luer 2311 (SEL). VENEZUELA: Bolivar: Guatopo, Auyantepui, alt. 6,000 ft., Mar. 1964, G.C.K. Dunsterville 839B. ECUADOR: Carchi: between Tulcan and Maldonado, alt. 2300 m, 2 Apr. 1984, C. Luer, S. Dalstrom & T. Hdijer 9936 (MO). Napo: Reventador, alt. 1400 m, 5 Oct. 1984, A. Hirtz & A. Andreetta 1959 (MO); Bermijo oil fields north of Lumbaquf, alt. 850 m, 9 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz & W. Flores 11745 (MO). Pastaza: east of Rio Negro along Rio Pastaza. alt. 1150 m, 12 Apr. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz & W. Flores 11188 (MO). Morona-Santiago: between Macas and Guamote, alt. 1900 m, 6 Feb. 1987, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 12694, 12707 (MO); Cordillera del Condor east of Guisme, alt. 1750 m, 21 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. Andreetta & W. Teague 13549 (MO). Loja: above Yangana north of the pass, alt. 2400 m, 23 Mar. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz & W. Flores 10872 (MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: between Loja and Zamora, alt. 2250 m, 25 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Jesup, P. Jesup & A. Hirtz 16161 (MO); Cordillera del Condor east of Mayaucu, alt. 1300 m, 20 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. Andreetta & W. Teague 13516 (MO). This species occurs locally in moist forests, uncommonly in Central America, but frequently on the southeastern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador. It is morpholog¬ ically variable even within a small area. Vegetatively, it is similar to many other members of the genus, but it is distinguished by the long, loose, successively flow¬ ered raceme of prickly flowers that creeps through the surrounding substrate. The sepals are acute and attenuate. The petals are irregularly long-lacerate. The lip is usually black and spathulate with a rounded apex and erect, marginal lobes in the lower third. Muscarella schudelii (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis schudelii Luer & Hirtz, Selbyana 23: 40, 2002. Ety.: Named for George Schudel of Middleburg, Florida, who first cultivated this species. Syn.: Specklinia schudelii (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 263, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 3-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 15-20 mm long including a petiole 5-8 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, subflexuous, flexible, successively few-flowered raceme up to 25 mm long including the filiform pedun¬ cle ca. 20 mm long; floral bract 1.25 mm long; pedicel 4 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals translu¬ cent light green, spotted in red-brown, carinate, sparsely ciliate-pubescent, ovate, acute, long-acuminate, slightly clavate at the tips of the tails, the dorsal sepal 7-8 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 7-8.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, connate 1 mm; petals translucent with a thin, brown midvein, elliptical and long-ciliate in basal half, 3 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, the apex acute, long-acuminate; lip brown with white, ciliate hairs, oblong, 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex obtuse to subtruncate, with the tip more or less recurved, microscopically verrucose, the basal corners erect, obtuse, the disc shallow¬ ly channeled between calli from the lateral lobes, the base truncate, without auricles, hinged to the column-foot; column slender, semiterete, 2 mm long, the foot thick. ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordillera del Condor, near Paquisha, alt. ca. 1200 m, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, Apr. 2001, A. Hirtz 7604 (Holotype: MO); sine loc., obtained by G. Schudel from A. Hirtz, flowered in cultivation in Middleburg, Florida, 8 June 1997, C. Luer 18790 (MO). Imbabura: Cotacachi, Junln, alt. 1500-1700 m, 16 Feb. 2004, F. Tobar & J. Monge 809 (MO). George Schudel obtained a plant of this species from Alexander Hirtz without collection data in October 1995. When it was in flower in June 1997, he submitted a flower for identification. It appeared to be related to Muscarella macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Luer, but no description could be made, because the plant had disap¬ peared. In the meantime another plant had been collected in the Cordillera del Condor and cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, Ecuador, where a specimen was made in April 2001. Muscarella schudelii differs from M. macroblepharis in the smaller habit and flowers with slightly thickened apices of the tails. The lip is oblong, obtuse, con¬ vex, and covered by minute verrucae. The margin is fringed with white hairs. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 117 Muscarella semperflorens (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis semperflorens Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 40, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin semperflorens , “always in flower,” referring to the inflorescence. Syn.: Pleurothallis acuminata H.Focke, Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. 2: 195, 1849, not (Kunth) Lindl., 1842. Ety.: From the Latin acuminatus, “acuminate,” referring to the sepals. Syn.: Humboldtia semperflorens (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Specklinia semperflorens (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 10-15 mm long including the petiole 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a fascicle of successive flowers borne by an erect, filamentous peduncle, 20-30 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicels 3-4 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals yellow- green or purple, carinate, entire, ovate, with acute apices contracted into tails shorter than the blade, the dorsal sepal 3.5-5 mm long, 1.3-2 mm wide, the lateral sepals 3.5-5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, nearly free to connate 1.5 mm; petals translucent yellow-green or striped with purple, elliptical, acute to narrowly obtuse, sparsely ciliate-serrate, sometimes entire, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide; lip yellow or purple, ovoid, thick, 2 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, the apex convex, rounded, minutely verrucose, ciliate on the decurved margins, the margins thick, erect, obtuse on lower half, carinate on the under surface, disc shallowly channeled between a pair of oblique calli on middle third, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, toothed at the apex, 1.75 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick. SURINAME: Paramaribo, in woods along the River Commeuyne, 20 Nov. 1846, H.C. Focke illustr. [holotype of Pleurothallis acuminata Focke: W, non P. acuminata (Kunth) Lindl., 1842]; in forest near Paramaribo, Sept. 1844, Vreges 627 (W); in forest near Marieperton?, May 1846, Kegel 1348 (W); Paramaribo, H. Wullchlaegel 1795 (W); Bakhuis mountains between Kabalebo River and Coppermine Sinistrum, 13 Feb. 1965, P.A. Florschiitz & P.J.M. Maas 2846 (AMES, BBS); near Paramaribo, collect¬ ed by H.H. Morgan, flowered in cultivation 7 June 1975, C. Luer 065 (SEL); Patamaca, alt. 50 m, Dec. 1975, C.H. Dodson & J. Blaser s.n. (SEL). FRENCH GUIANA: epiphytic in tall, rain forest, Piste St. Elie, alt. 100 m, 13 May 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer & D. Barthelemy 12243 (MO); Saut Vata, Bassin du Sinnmary, 3 Oct. 1993, G. Cremers 13252 (CAY); Barrage de Petit Saut, Bassin du Sinnmary, alt. 50 m, 21 June 1994, G. Cremers 13322 (CAY). GUYANA: Barima River, 1898, E.F. im Thurn 37 (K). BRAZIL: Amazonas: Belem, Jurua, Sept. 1901, E. Ulle 5771 (HBG); Terr, do Amapa, Rio Amapari bei Serra do Navio, alt. 100 m, 31 Oct. 1964, S. Vogel 151 (WU). VENEZUELA: Carabobo: Guaremales, between Puerto Cabello and San Filipe, alt. 10-100 m, Dec. 1920, H. Pittier 9155 (AMES); Guatopo, Jan. 1956, G.C.K Dunsterville 327. COLOMBIA: Cauca: near Las Juntas, slopes of the Andes west of Cali, alt. 200-500 m, F.C. Lehmann 8204 (K). ECUADOR: Napo: Puerto Napo near Michaualli, alt. 600 m, cultivated at Chamblee, GA, 22 Aug. 1989, F L Stevenson 89-822-3 (MO). This species is widely distributed in Amazonian South America from the low¬ lands of the Guyanas and Venezuela to Ecuador. Although first described by Focke, his epithet acuminata was already occupied by Lindley’s transfer of the acuminata of Kunth to Pleurothallis R.Br. Muscarella semperflorens is distinguished from the other members of the genus by the very small habit with obovate leaves; a fascicle of successive flowers borne by the peduncle beyond the tips of the leaves; sepals with narrow, tail-like apices; short, acute, ciliate-serrate petals, uncommonly entire; and a thick, ovoid, verrucose lip ciliate above the middle and below the middle with thick, erect, obtuse, marginal angles or lobes. Muscarella sibatensis (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis sibatensis Lehm. & Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 445, 1899. Ety: Named for the community of Sibate where the species was collected. Syn.: Specklinia sibatensis (Lehm. & Kraenzl.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 263, 2004. 118 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 5-7 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 20-35 mm long including the pedicel 8-12 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflorescence a suberect, flexible, flexuous, loose, gradually lengthening, several-flowered raceme of successive flowers, up to 10 cm long including the peduncle 3 cm long, from near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicels 3-5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals appear to have been striped with purple, carinate, minutely ciliate, membranous, narrowly ovate, acute, acuminate-caudate, the tails slightly thickened, about as long as the blades, the dorsal sepal 8 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals oblique, 8 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, free to the base; petals translucent, narrowly elliptical- obovate in the basal half, 5.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, acute long-attenuate, with the margins of the blade above the middle minutely ciliate; lip presumably dark purple, thick, cuneate-oblong, 3.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apex rounded, pubescent, with the disc shallowly channeled, pubescent, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column slender, semiterete, 2 mm long, the foot short, bicallous, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca: in hills around Sibate, alt. 2800 m, 3 Feb. 1883, F.C. Lehmann 2553 (Holotype: K; Isotype: AMES, BM, BR), C. Luer illustr. 16989. This species is known from only the original collection by Lehmann. The accompanying description and illustration made from type-material differ in some details from those originally published. The sepals are minutely ciliate and thickly caudate. The petals are minutely ciliate above the middle of the blade. The lip is thick, densely pubescent above the middle and narrowly cuneate without marginal angles or lobes. Muscarella strumosa (Ames) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis strumosa Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 41, 1925. Ety.: From the Latin strumosus, “with a swelling,” referring to the bulbous base of the column. Syn.: Specklinia strumosa (Ames) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Plant small to very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 10-30 mm long including the petiole 3-5 mm long, 2-5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. In¬ florescence a fascicle of successive flowers borne by an erect, filamentous peduncle, 25-40 mm long, borne from the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicels slender, 3-4 mm long; ovary 1.5-2 mm long; sepals translucent pale yellow with purple spots, carinate, sparsely denticulate on the margins and carinae, narrowly ovate, acute, contracted into a slender tail about as long as the blade, the dorsal sepal, 7-9 mm long, 1.5-2.25 mm wide, the lateral sepals, 7-8 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, shortly connate basal- ly; petals translucent, narrowly ovate, acute, serrulate, 2.5-3 mm long, 0.5-0.75 mm wide; lip dark purple, oblong-trilobed, thick, 3-3.3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex convex, broadly rounded, cellular verrucose, the sides revolute with the margins minutely denticulate, the sides above the base with erect, obtuse lobes, the disc channeled between a pair of calli extending forward from the lateral lobes, with a finlike callus on the undersurface below the middle, the base truncate, minutely lobulate at the corners, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 2.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot with a pair of minutely verrucose calli at the tip. COSTA RICA: Cartago: Carpintera, Feb. 1924, C.H. Lankester 766 (Flolotype: AMES); western slopes of Volcan Turrialba, ca. 1867, A. Endres 578, fig. 50 (W); above the Tejar de Cartago toward Cristobal, ca. 1867, A. Endres 40, sketch 552 (W); La Estrella, 26 Mar. 1924, P.C. Standley 39486 (AMES). Guanacaste: road to Santa Elena, near Monteverde Science Center, alt. 1700 m, 26 Dec. 1985, PM. Catling & V.R. Brownell C9.12 (AMES, DAO). Heredia: Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, alt. 2000 m, 22 Feb. 1926, PC. Standley & J. Valerio 49157, 49171 (AMES). Puntarenas: Santa Elena de Monteverde, alt. 1500 m, 8 Aug. 1988, J.T. Atwood & W. Haber 88-36 (AMES, K, SEL). San Jose: Zurquf, alt. 200-2500 m, 13 Feb. 1926, P.C. Standley & J. Valerio 48055 (AMES). GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: sine loc., cultivated by J & L Orchids, 18 Nov. 1977, C. Luer 2220 (SEL): Finca Chicoy north of Coban, alt. ca. 1500 m, collected and cultivated by O. Archila, Coban, 13 Feb. 1990, C. Luer 14634 (MO). This species is frequent in Costa Rica, but infrequent in Guatemala where its range overlaps that of Muscarella marginata (Rich.) Luer. It could be considered merely an austral variation of the latter. The flowers of the two species are similar, SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 119 differing only in the lip. The sides of the lip of M. strumosa (Ames) Luer are revo¬ lute, sometimes with the minutely denticulate margins meeting beneath. The sides of the lip of M. marginata are variously fringed and not revolute. The illustration of Pleurothallis spectrilinguis [=Muscarella marginata ] on the type sheet at W clearly shows the differences. The flower is extremely similar to that of Andean M. macroblepharis (Rchb.f.) Luer, but the latter is readily distin¬ guished by the distantly flowered inflorescence. The illustration of the flower of Pleurothallis hastata [=Muscarella marginata ] published in 1908 with the original description is suggestive of M. strumosa , but the illustration of the flower in a pane of four published in Orchids of Guatemala by Ames and Correll is that of M. marginata with the long-fimbriate lip. Muscarella stumpflei (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis stumpflei Luer, Selbyana 5: 182, 1979. Ety.: Named in honor of Rudolph Stumpfle of Lima, Peru, who exported this species. Syn.: Pleurothallis simulatrix Luer, Phytologia 55: 202, 1984. Ety.: From the Latin simulatrix , “an imitator,” referring to the similarity to P. aristata and relatives. Syn.: Specklinia simulatrix (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia stumpflei (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-8 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 25-45 mm long including the petiole 7-15 mm long, 6-10 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflores¬ cence an erect, loose, flexible, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 8 cm long includ¬ ing the filiform peduncle 3-4 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 2-3 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent greenish white with a few, small purple spots, or sometimes intensely striped with purple, glabrous, carinate, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acute, acuminate, 6-10 mm long, 1.75-2.25 mm wide, the lateral sepals narrowly triangular-ovate, ob¬ lique, acute, long-attenuate, 6.5-10 mm long, 1.75-2 mm wide, barely connate basally; petals translucent, sometimes veined in purple, elliptical, acute, serrate, 2.5-3.5 mm long, 0.6 mm wide; lip dark purple, oblong, 3-3.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, long-ciliate above the middle, the apex convex, rounded, the mar¬ gins near the with an acute, erect angle or lobule, the disc shallowly sulcate, pubescent within the cleft, the base subtruncate, hinged to the column-foot; column slender, terete, 3 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot bulbous, dark purple. ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: epiphytic in cloud forest near Valladolid, alt. ca. 2500 m, collected July 1975 by W. Teague, L. Figueroa & D. Welisch, flowered in cultivation by H. Ripley in San Francis¬ co, 18 Aug. 1979, C. Luer 4096 (Holotype: MO); sine loc., presumably southern Ecuador, cultivated at Predesur, Vilcabamba, 3 Nov. 1982, C. Luer 8268 (type of P. simulatrix : SEL). PERU: sine loc., obtained by M. & O. Robledo from R. Stumpfle, flowered in cultivation at La Ceja, 28 Jan. 1978, C. Luer 2344 (SEL). This species is known from southeastern Ecuador and probably from somewhere in northern Peru. The plant described as Pleurothallis simulatrix [=Muscarella stumpflei ] differs from Muscarella stumpflei in having smaller, prominently striped flowers, instead of sparsely spotted flowers. Vegetatively similar to many other members of the genus, this species is characterized by the long, loosely flowered raceme of comparatively large flowers with long, pointed sepals; short, serrate petals; and an oblong, dark purple, long-ciliate lip with a pair of small, pointed lobes near the middle. Muscarella tamboensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb, nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis tamboensis Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 14: 174, 1981. Ety.: Named for the municipality of El Tambo in the department of Cauca where the species was collected. Syn.: Specklinia tamboensis (Luer & R.Escobar) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. 120 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 short, ribbed sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 15-30 mm long including an indistinct petiole ca. 5 mm long, 3 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, loose, flexible, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 5 cm long including the filiform peduncle ca. 2 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel 3-4 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent yellow, with a few longitudinal spots of red, carinate, with sparsely and minutely subdenticulate margins, elliptical, acute, caudate, the dorsal sepal 4.25 mm long including the tail ca. 2 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblique, 4.25 mm long including the tail ca. 1 mm long, 1.5 mm long, connate at the base; petals translucent yellow with red midvein, elliptical, fimbriate, 3 mm long with the tail 1.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the apex obtuse, contracted into the slender tail; lip dark purple, thick, oblong, 1.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, the apex rounded, the disc longitudinally channeled and pubescent within, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, light green, 1.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot shallowly channeled. COLOMBIA: Cauca: Munic. of El Tambo, between Uribe and Quebraditas, “La Galera,” alt. 2400 m, R. Escobar et al. 1828 (Holotype: JAUM); same collection, cultivated at La Ceja by M. & O. Robledo, 21 Jan. 1978, C. Luer2324 (SEL). This species is known from only the Cauca in southern Colombia. In habit it is similar to the other members of the genus, but it is distinguished by the loose, flexuous, long-pedicellate raceme of successive flowers with caudate sepals and petals; petals fimbriate below the tail; and a thick, oblong lip with a longitudinal sulcus that is pubescent within and traversing the full length. Muscarella tempestalis (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis tempestalis Luer, Selbyana 3: 396, 1977. Ety.: From the Latin tempestalis, “stormy weather,” referring to the habitat. Syn.: Specklinia tempestalis (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 7-10 mm long, enclosed by 2 short, ribbed sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute, 13-18 mm long including the indistinct petiole, 4-5 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflorescence an erect, loose, flexible, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme, 4-5 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-2 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1.5 mm long; pedicel 2-3 mm long; ovary verrucose, 1 mm long; sepals translucent red-brown, with broadly denticulate-verrucose carinae, the dorsal sepal oblong, 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the apex acute, contracted into a slender tail 3.5 mm long, slightly thickened toward the tip, the lateral sepals oblong-falcate, concave, 7 mm long, 3 mm wide together, connate 2.5 mm, the apices acute, contracted into spender tails 2.5 mm long; petals translucent yellow with red midvein, elliptical, acute, fimbriate, 2 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; lip thick, ovoid-trilobed, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, the anterior lobe red-purple, verrucose, with the apex rounded, the lateral lobes thick, erect, obtuse, in lower third, with a pair of verrucose, purple calli on the middle third, with a smooth, orange band between the verrucose apex and verrucose calli, the base verrucose, subcordate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, yellow, 2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thickly bilobed. ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: epiphytic in dwarf forest between Loja and Zamora, alt. 2800 m, 6 March 1977, C. Luer, J. Luer & K. Cordoba 1570 (Holotype: SEL); Cajanuma range south of Loja, alt. 2750 m, 21 Mar. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 10746 (MO); east of pass east of Loja, alt. 2600 m, 21 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. & P. Jesup 16068 (MO); “El Tiro,” pass between Loja and Zamora, alt. 2850 m, 28 Sept. 2004, FA. Werner 1157 (GOET, MO, QCNE). Apparently endemic at a high altitude in southeastern Ecuador, this species is similar vegetatively to many of the others of the genus, but distinguished by the loose, flexuous raceme with caudate sepals; short, fimbriate petals; and a thick, verrucose lip with a distinctive smooth, orange belt between the verrucose apex and verrucose calli on the center. Muscarella trullifera (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis trullifera Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 190, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin trullifer, “bearing a spoon,” referring to the shape of the lip like an inverted ladle or spoon. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 121 Syn: Pleurothallis discalis Luer & J.Portilla, Selbyana 23: 35, 2002. Ety.: From the Latin discoid , “like a disc,” referring to the apex of the lip. Syn.: Specklinia discalis (Luer & J.Portilla) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Syn.: Specklinia trullifera (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Plant small to very small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, slender, 2-4 mm long, enclosed by 2 short, ribbed sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, spathulate-obovate, subacute, 12- 20 mm long including the petiole 5-7 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflorescence a prostrate to descending, creeping, lax, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 6 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-2 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract spicu- late, 1 mm long; pedicel slender, ascending, 2-5 mm long; ovary spiculate, 0.75-1 mm long; sepals trans¬ lucent yellow, carinate-spiculate, ciliate, thickened in the outer thirds, the dorsal sepal obovate, subacute, 4 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals essentially free, elliptical, oblique, subacute, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined; petals translucent yellow, glabrous, ovate, acute, 3.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, the margins lacerate below the middle, the apex long-acuminate, thickened in the distal 1 mm; lip pur¬ ple-black, spathulate, 3.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, the anterior third subcircular, microscopically papil¬ lose and erose, the margins minutely denticulate in the middle third, with a low, longitudinal pair of carinae from the base to near the middle, shallowly concave between, the base rounded, hinged to the column-foot; column terete, 2.25 mm long, winged at the apex, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot obsolescent. ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: Cordillera del Condor, epiphytic in wet forest east of Guisme, alt. 1,650 m, 21 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz, W. Flores, A. Andreetta & W. Teague 13549 (Holotype: MO); Cor¬ dillera del Condor, epiphytic in wet forest east of Guisme, alt. 1,500 m, 18 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, W. Flores & A. Embree 11896 (MO); near Mayacu, alt. ca. 1600 m, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, 7 Mar, 2001, C. Luer 19848 (MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordillera del Condor, Napintza, alt. 1000 m, June 1991, A. Hirtz 5543A (MO); Cordillera del Condor, Paquisha, alt. ca. 1500 m, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, 5 Mar, 2001, C. Luer 19699 (holotype of Pleurothalis discalis : MO). This species is apparently endemic in the Cordillera del Condor of southeastern Ecuador, where it is related to the frequent and sympatric Muscarella samacensis (Ames) Luer. It is readily distinguished from the latter by the yellow, tailless, spiculate sepals that are thickened toward the apex. The minutely serrated petals are attenuated above the middle with slightly swollen tips in plants found in the original area, but without swollen tips found in an area farther south. The black lip is spathulate with the apical third rounded and microscopically papillose. The loose, successively flowered inflorescence creeps through the surrounding substrate. Muscarella tsubotae (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, comb, nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis tsubotae Luer & R.Escobar, Orquideologfa 20: 88, 1996. Ety: Named for Shigenobu Tsubota of Pereira, Colombia, who collected and cultivated this species Syn.: Specklinia tsubotae (Luer & R.Escobar) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 10-15 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 thin, tubular sheaths at the base. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, acute to subacute, 3-4.5 cm long including the pedicel 1-1.5 cm long, 0.6-0.7 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflorescence an erect, arching, gradually lengthening, several-flowered raceme of successive flowers, 10-23 cm long including the peduncle 8-9 cm long, from a node near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-2.5 mm long; pedicels 15-25 mm long; ovary 1.75 mm long; sepals pale, translucent tan, suffused and dotted with purple, glabrous, membranous, caudate, the dorsal sepal oblong, 8.5 mm long, 2.25 mm wide, subacute, contracted above the middle into a slender tail 3 mm long, the lateral sepals oblong, 8 mm long, 2 mm wide, connate 2.5 mm, subacute, contracted above the middle into a slender tail 2.5 mm long; petals translucent, glabrous, ovate, acute, lacerate, 4 mm long, 1.75 mm wide; lip purple, thick, three-lobed, 4 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex thick, convex and round with re¬ curved margins, the lateral lobes minute, erect, antrorse, below the middle, the disc with a deep, central cavity between calli from the lateral lobes, the margins of the revolute sides and undersurface fimbriate, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column green, slender, semiterete, 3 mm long, the foot short, thick, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. 122 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM COLOMBIA: Risaralda: collected near Pereira, flowered in cultivation by S. Tsubota near Pereira, 10 May 1993, C. Luer 16763 (Holotype: MO). This species is allied to the widely distributed Muscarella aristata (Hook.) Luer, but distinguished from it by a larger habit; an elongate, very long-pedicellate raceme; fimbriate petals; and a thick lip bulbous at the apex and fimbriate beneath, with tiny, acute lateral lobes, and with a deep, central excavation. Muscarella villosilabia (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis villosilabia Luer & Hirtz, Selbyana 23: 41, 2002. Ety.: From the Latin villosilabia, “with villous labellum,” referring to the lip. Syn.: Specklinia villosilabia (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3 mm long, en¬ closed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to acute, 10-14 mm long including the petiole ca. 2 mm long, 3-3.75 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflores¬ cence a suberect, flexible, loose, successively few-flowered raceme, 2.5-3 cm long including the pedun¬ cle ca. 1 cm long, from near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicels 4-5 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; flowers purple; sepals glabrous, membranous, narrowly ovate, acute, acuminate- caudate, the tails thrice longer than the blade, the dorsal sepal 6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 1-veined, the lateral sepals oblique, 6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 1-veined, connate 0.3 mm at the base; petals elliptical- ovate and long-fimbriate in the basal half, 2.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 1-veined, with the apex obtuse, abruptly contracted into a filamentous process; lip purple, oblong, with the margins densely long-villous, obscurely lobed below the middle, 1.6 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the apex rounded, the disc shallowly channeled between a pair of longitudinal calli from low, marginal, lateral lobes, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column slender, semiterete, 1 mm long, bicallous near the middle, the foot short, thick, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: west of Macas, along new road toward Guamote, alt. 2300 m, 2 Mar. 2001, C. Luer, J. Luer & A . Hirtz 19622 (Holotype: MO). This tiny species is similar to the common and variable Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f,) Luer, but it is distinguished from all the variations by a smaller habit; a shorter, fewer-flowered inflorescence; all purple flowers; narrower sepals; long- fimbriate petals; and an oblong lip with densely villous margins. Muscarella werneri Luer, sp. nov. Ety.: Named for Florian Werner, University of Bayreuth, who collected this species at the Estacion Cientffica San Francisco in the province of Zamora-Chinchipe. Planta perparva, racemo flexuoso foliis ellipticis longiore, sepalis longicaudatis, petalis infra medium fimbriatis, labello obovato apice rotundo infra medium lobis uncinatis cum callo microscopice dense piloso distinguitur. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 13-18 mm long including a petiole 3-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, flexuous, flexible, successively several-flowered raceme up to 40 mm long including the filiform peduncle ca. 10 mm long; floral bract 0.5 mm long; pedicel 1.5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long, minutely carinate-spiculate; flowers translucent purple or pale yellow, sepals sparsely denticulate-carinate, ovate, acute, long-acu¬ minate, the dorsal sepal 6 mm long, 1 mm wide, incompletely 3-veined, the lateral sepals oblique, 7.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 1-veined, connate less than 1 mm; petals ovate and long-fimbriate in the basal half, contracted into a filiform tail in the distal half, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip obovate, trilobed, 2 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, the lateral lobes erect, uncinate, on lower fourth, flat above the middle, the apex broadly rounded, the disc flat above the middle, with a wedge-shaped, brush-like callus composed of a dense mass of microscopic pubescence between the lateral lobes extending forward to near the middle, the base broadly truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 1.5 mm long, with the foot 0.5 mm long. ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: between Loja and Zamora, near Estacion Cientffica San Francisco, alt 2100 m, 2 Oct. 2004, F.A. Werner 1180 (Holotype: QCNE; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 20981. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 123 This species is apparently endemic in the orchid-rich region near the pass between Loja and Zamora. Vegetatively, it is similar to other tiny species of the genus with a flexuous raceme that reaches beyond the leaves. As in many others, the sepals are long attenuate-caudate, and the petals are long-fimbriate on the lower half. The obovate lip with a broadly rounded apex and basal, uncinate lobes is unique with a brush-like patch of a dense, microscopic pubescence below the middle between the lobes. Muscarella xanthella (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis xanthella Luer, Selbyana 1: 300, 1975. Ety.: From the diminutive of the Greek xanthos, “yellow,” referring to the small flowers. Syn.: Specklinia xanthella (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 260, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 8-12 mm long including the petiole 3-6 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflorescence a fascicle of successive flowers borne be a slender, erect peduncle 20-25 mm long, from near the middle of the ramicaul; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicels 5-6 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals yellow with purple stripes, tall-carinate with the carinae sparsely denticulate, thickened at the apices, the dorsal sepal oblong, subacute to obtuse, 4.5-5.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, the lateral sepals ovate, acute, oblique, 4.5-5 mm long, 2 mm wide, connate 2 mm; petals translucent, veined in purple, obovate, subacute, lacerate, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; lip yellow, thick, verrucose, cellular-papillose, obscurely three-lobed, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, the apex thick, convex, rounded, the sides broadly rounded and suberect below the middle, the disc shallowly channeled centrally below the middle, the base truncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column yellow, slender, semiterete, winged toward the apex, 3 mm long, the foot short, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Napo: wet forest west of Tena, alt. 600 m, 26 July 1975, C. Luer, G. Luer & S. Wilhelm 456 (Holotype: SEL); Bermejo, alt. 450-600 m, Apr. 1990, A. Hirtz 4832 (MO);, C. Luer illustr. 15329. This species is apparently confined to the lowlands of eastern Ecuador. With the vegetatively similar habit, it is distinguished from others in the genus by the congested inflorescence borne as a fascicle by a slender peduncle longer than the leaves. The flowers are small with tall, distantly denticulate carinae on subacute sepals. The petals are shortly fimbriate. The lip is thick and minutely verrucose. Muscarella xyloura Luer & Hirtz, sp. nov. Ety.: From the Greek xylourus, “woody tailed,” referring to the thick sepaline tails. Planta perparva caespitosa, racemo repenti laxe successivifloro, sepalis anguste ovatis ad apicem in caudam incrassatam producentibus, petalis ad basim breviter laceratis supra basim filiformibus clavella- tis, et labello pandurato distinguitur. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots proportionately coarse. Ramicauls erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 short, ribbed sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute, 10-15 mm long includ¬ ing the petiole 2-3 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a prostrate to descending, creeping, lax, successively several-flowered raceme, up to 5 cm long including the filiform peduncle 1-2 cm long, borne from the ramicaul; floral bract 1 mm long; pedicel slender, 2 mm long; ovary spiculate-crested, 0.5 mm long; sepals translucent light green, mottled with purple, carinate-spicu- late, thickened in the outer thirds, the dorsal sepal narrowly triangular, acute, 5.5 mm long, 1.2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate at the base, narrowly ovate, oblique, acute, 5.5 mm long, 1.6 mm wide, 2-veined; petals translucent, glabrous, obovate and shortly lacerate in basal third, abruptly con¬ tracted to the filiform middle third, clavellate in distal third, 4.5 mm long, 1 mm wide; lip purple, pandu- rate, 3.25 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, the anterior third suborbicular, microscopically papillose and erose, with a pair of erect carinae within the erect, obtuse margins of the basal third, cleft between, the base truncate, with a minute lobule at each corner, hinged between to the column-foot; column semiterete, 2 mm long, hooded at the apex, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 0.5 mm long. 124 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM ECUADOR: Napo: between Rfo Jatunyacu and Pano, alt. 800 m, 22 Feb. 2004, A. Hirtz & X. Hirtz 8683 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 20962. This very small species is known from only the original collection from lowland eastern Ecuador. It is most similar to the common Muscarella samacensis (Ames) Luer from surrounding territories. Both species produce a creeping, successively flowered raceme of spiculate flowers, but the spicules are much reduced in M. xyloura. The tails of the sepals are thickened in M. xyloura , and the fringe of the petals is intense but short. Muscarella zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis zephyrina Rchb.f., Bonplandia 3: 71, 1855. Ety.: From the Greek zephyros, “the west wind, a breeze,” possibly alluding to the habitat. Syn.: Pleurothallis setigera Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 38, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin setiger, “bristle-bearing,” referring to the sepaline tails. Syn.: Pleurothallis arachnantha Rchb.f., Otia Bot. Hamburgensia 1: 18, 1878. Ety.: From the Greek arachnanthos, “spider-flower,” referring to the appearance of the flower. Syn.: Humboldtia arachnantha (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 667, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia setigera (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis fimbripetala Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 14: 385, 1916. Ety.: From the Latin fimbripetalus, “with fimbriate petals,” for obvious reasons. Syn.: Pleurothallis lauta Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 105, 1920. Ety.: From the Latin lautus, “neat, elegant,” referring to qualities of the species. Syn.: Pleurothallis schistopetala Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 113, 1920. Ety.: From the Greek schistopetalon, “divided petals,” referring to the fimbriate petals. Syn.: Pleurothallis bulbophylloides Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 50, 1929. Ety.: Named for a similarity Schlechter fancied between this species and the genus Bulbophyllum. Syn.: Specklinia setigera (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 259, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia zephyrina (Rchb.f.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 265, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-10 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly obovate, subacute to obtuse, 10-35 mm long including the petiole 3-15 mm long, 2.5-4.5 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiolate base. Inflorescence a suberect, flexible, flexuous, loose, gradually lengthening, several-flowered raceme of successive flowers, 5-10 cm long including the peduncle 2-4 cm long, from near the middle of the rami- caul; floral bracts 0.5-1.5 mm long; pedicels 3-10 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals translucent light yellow-green, more or less suffused with purple in stripes along the veins, glabrous (occasionally with a bristle), membranous, narrowly ovate, acute, acuminate-caudate, the tails as long as or longer than the blade, the dorsal sepal 6-8 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, the lateral sepals free to near the base, oblique, 6-8 mm long, 1-2 mm wide; petals translucent, often with the midvein purple, elliptical-ovate, variously lacerate below the middle, 3-4 mm long, 0.8-1.5 mm wide; lip purple, three-lobed, subpandurate, 1.8-3 mm long, 0.8-1.25 mm wide, the apex ovate, obtuse, more or less cellular-glandular, with the lateral lobes erect, subacute to obtuse or rounded, on the lower third, the disc shallowly channeled between calli from the lateral lobes, the margins of the revolute sides of the isthmus cellular to minutely lacerate, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column slender, semiterete, 1.5-1.75 mm long, the foot short, thick, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. Representative collections selected from hundreds: COLOMBIA: Santander: Aspasica, H. Wagener s.n. (Holotype: W; Isotype: K), C. Luer illustr. 16997. Antioquia: sine loc., Schmidtchen s.n. (W); moist forest on Cerro Plateado, west Andes of Antioquia, alt. 1800-2000 m, Oct. 1891, EC. Lehmann 7085 (K); west Andes of Antioquia, alt. 2800 m, F.C. Lehmann 8206 (holotype of P. lauta destroyed at B; lectotype here designated: AMES 14838). Cundinamarca: Monte Redondo near Quetame, alt. 1700 m, 27 July 1951, M. Schneider 256 (S). Magdalena: Santa Marta, 1898-99, H.H. Smith 2482 (holotype of P. schistopetala : US; isotypes: BR, K, NY), C. Luer SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 125 18803; Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Quebrada Indiana, alt. ca. 1600 m, 30 Aug. 1972, J.H. Kirkbride, Jr. 2005 (US). Cauca: El Tambo, La Costa, K. von Sneidern 813 (GB). VENEZUELA: Merida: Cerro San Isidro, above La Carbonera, alt. 2430-2475 m, 22 Apr. 1944, J.A. Steyermark 56025 (AMES, VEN); La Montana study area, south of La Montana Teleferico station, alt. 2450-2650 m, 28 July 1995, D. Kelly et al. 10443 (TCD). Sine loc., Sept. 1974, illustr. by G.C.K. Dunsterville 1328. ECUADOR: Carchi: above La Esperanza, west of El Carmelo, alt. 3200-3450 m, 9 Apr. 1979, B. L0jtnant, U. Molau & M. Madison 12054 (AAU, GB). Sucumbios: between Tulcan and La Bonita, alt. 1990 m, 8 July 1990, C.H. Dodson, E. Hagsater, D. Rubio & N. Rivera 18458 (MO). Napo: Rio Chalpi between Papallacta and Baeza, alt. 2800 m, 6 May 1967, B. Sparre 15892 (S); between Cuyuja and Papallacta, alt. 2800-2900 m, 5 June 1973, L. Holm-Nielsen, S. Jeppesen, B. L0jtnant & B. 0llgaard 6888 (AAU). Pichincha: western slopes of Pichincha, Angue near Nanegal, alt. 6,000 ft., Mar. 1877, F.C. Lehmann XXVIII (holotype of P. arachnantha: W, illustr.); bare cliff, valley of Lloa, A. Sodiro 28 (holotype of P. fimbripetala): presumably destroyed at B); sine loc., among Selaginellas, W. Jameson s.n. (holotype of P. setigera: K); Dos Novias between Aloag and Santo Domingo, alt. 2600 m, 21 Mar. 1967, B. Sparre 14916 (S); Oyacachi, 2 Oct. 1999, A. Hirtz, X. Hirtz & M. Evans 6645 (MO); Angue, near Nanegal, Sept. 1877, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (W); Dos Novias between Aloag and Santo Domingo, alt. 2600 m, 21 Mar. 1967, B. Sparre 14916 (S). Pastaza: south of Puyo toward Macas, alt. 900 m, 28 Feb. 2001, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 19559 (MO). Azuay: Sevilla de Oro, G. Hading 1349 (GB); Zamora- Chinchipe: between Loja and Zamora, alt. 1600 m, 21 Apr. 1973, L. Holm-Nielsen, S. Jeppesen, B. L0jtnant & B. 0llgaard 4017 (AAU); above Valladolid toward Yangana, alt. 2300 m, 1 Feb. 1985, G. Hading & L. Andersson 21421 (GB). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Sud Yungas, Hacienda Casana, alt. 1400 m, Jan. 1923, O. Buchtien 7217 (holotype of P. bulbophylloides destroyed at B, lectotype here designated: US); between Caranavi and Bella Vista, alt. 1300 m, Aug. 1991, A. Hirtz 5574 (MO); Murillo, along Rio Zongo, alt. 2800 m, 30 Jan. 1988, C. Luer, J. Luer, J. Solomon & R. Vasquez 12965 (MO). This concept, treated here as Muscarella zephyrina , consists of numerous, inter¬ grading populations. It is common and widely distributed in the Andes. All are basically similar, with varying degrees of fimbriations of the petals, and lobes of the lip, those of no two populations being identical. Several populations have acquired specific epithets. Most are too similar to be recognized, but some have evolved sufficiently to be specifically distinct. The Central American counterpart, M. quin- queseta (Ames) Luer, differs in having flowers with the tails, especially those of the petals, being much longer. The tufts of small, narrowly obovate leaves surpassed by a loose, flexuous raceme of successive flowers are similar to many species in the Pleurothallidinae. The sepals are glabrous, acute and acuminate into tails about as long as the blade. The petals are elliptical with long-fringed margins with the apex contracted into a slender tail about as long as the blade. Variations of the fimbriations led to the descriptions of Pleurothallis fimbripetala Schltr., P. lauta Schltr. and P. schistope- tala Schltr. The lip is more or less pandurate-trilobed with a central constriction, or isthmus, and with the apex obtuse or rounded. In the lower third below the constriction, the margins of the lip are erect to form subacute, obtuse to rounded, lateral lobes. The disc is superficially channeled between a low pair of calli that course forward from the lateral lobes and across the central constriction. The most variable feature of the lip is the margin at the isthmus. It is variously cellular, to ciliate, to fimbriate, varying in degrees in the various populations. The isthmus of the lip is fimbriate in the variation described as Pleurothallis lauta Schltr., but glabrous in the variations described as P. fimbripetala Schltr. and P. schistopetala Schltr. All degrees of intermediate variations are seen. Pleurothallis bulbophylloides Schltr. almost certainly belongs here. The pedun¬ cle was published as being five millimeters long, no doubt a typographical error for five centimeters. The flower of the lectotype is in very poor condition, but identifi¬ able. 126 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 50. Muscarella catoxys Fig. 51. Muscarella cestrochila ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 127 Fig. 54. Muscarella coeloglossa Fig. 55. Muscarella corynetes 128 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 58. Muscarella echinodes Fig. 59. Muscarella exesilabia ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 129 130 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 64. Muscarella helenae Fig. 66. Muscarella ichthyonekys Fig. 67. Muscarella infinita ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 131 Fig. 70. Muscarella latilabris Fig. 71. Muscarella lipothrix 132 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 74. Muscarella macroblepharis ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 133 Fig. 78. Muscarella perangusta Fig. 79. Muscarella quinqueseta 134 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 82. Muscarella schudelii ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 135 Fig. 85a. Muscarella strumosa Fig. 85b. Muscarella strumosa Guatemala Fig. 86a. Muscarella stumpflei 136 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 86b. Muscarella stumpflei Fig. 88. Muscarella tempestalis Fig. 89. Muscarella trullifera ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 137 Fig. 90. Muscarella tsubotae Fig. 91. Muscarella villosilabia Fig. 92. Muscarella werneri Fig. 93. Muscarella xanthella 138 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Fig. 95b. Muscarella zephyrina Pleurothallis lauta Fig. 95c. Muscarella zephyrina P. fimbripetala, P. schistopetala SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 139 PABSTIELLA Pabstiella Brieger & Senghas, Die Orchidee 27: 195, 1976. Type: Pleurothallis mirabilis Schltr., Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 274, 1918. Ety.: Named for Guido Frederico Pabst (1914-1980), noted authority on the orchids of Brazil. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Mirabilia Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 20: 47, 1986. Type: Pleurothallis mirabilis Schltr. [ ^Pabstiella mirabilis (Schltr.) Brieger & Senghas. This genus, widely distributed in the Andes and Brazil, is variable both vegeta- tively and florally. Only three species north of Brazil with abbreviated ramicals are treated here. The dorsal sepal is free, but the laterals are variously connate, sometimes into a spur. The species with the deepest spur, described by Schlechter as Pleurothallis mirabilis [=Pabstiella mirabilis (Schltr.) Brieger & Senghas], is the type of the genus Pabstiella , which at that time was thought to be unispecific. Pabstiella parvifolia (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis parvifolia Lindl., Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 355, 1836. Ety.: From the Latin parvifolius , “small-leaved,” in reference to the foliage. Syn.: Lepanthes cryptophyta Barb.Rodr., Gen. Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 65, 1882. Ety.: From the Greek cryptophytos, “hidden leaves,” referring to the small foliage. Syn.: Humboldtiaparvifolia (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis subumbellata Cogn., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 43: 313, 1906 (1907). Ety.: From the Latin subumbellatus, “nearly umbelliform,” referring to the inflorescence. Syn.: Pleurothallis succedanea Hoehne & Schltr., Archiv. Bot. Estado Sao Paulo 1(3): 224, 1926. Ety.: From the Latin succedaneus, “substituted,” referring to the successive inflorescence. Syn.: Speckliniaparvifolia (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 258, 2001. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose, roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, subcircular to broadly elliptical-obovate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 8-15 mm long including a petiole 1-3 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, cuneate below into the base. Inflorescence a successively flowered fascicle, borne by a filiform peduncle 2-4 cm long, from near the apex of a ramicaul; floral bracts 3-4 mm long; pedicels 4-7 mm long; ovary 1-1.5 mm long; sepals thickly translucent light brown with thin red veins, the dorsal sepal subcarinate, elliptical-oblong, 4.75-6 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals microscopically ciliate, connate into a bicar- inate, ovate, obtuse, minutely bifid lamina, 4.5-5.5 mm long, 4-4.5 mm wide, 4-veined; petals light yellow, translucent, obovate, broadly obtuse or rounded at the apex, 3-4 mm long, 1.75-2.5 mm wide, 3- veined; lip purple, arcuate, elliptical with erect, rounded sides, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 3.5-4.5 mm long, 2-3.5 mm wide expanded, minutely verrucose above the middle, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column green, semiterete, 2-3 mm long, denticulate at the apex, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot elongated, 1.5 mm long. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: “forests of Macahe and in all the interior of Brazil,” Descourtilz t. 24 (Holotype only a poor drawing: K, Isotype: AMES); sine loc., A. Glaziou 113bis (holotype of P. subum¬ bellata: BR). Sao Paulo: Alto da Serra, Estado Biologica, Dec. 1920, A. Gehrt s.n. (holotype of P. succedanea destroyed at B; lectotype here designated: SP-4599); Alto da Serra, 15 Nov. 1921, A. Gehrt s.n. (AMES, SP-4599), C. Luer illustr. 19093. Sine loc„ Toscano 659 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 16953. ECUADOR: Napo: Rio Jatunyacu, above Shandia, alt. 650 m, 12 Mar. 1991, A. Hirtz & S. Ortega 5361 (MO). Zamora-Chinchipe: Cordillera del Condor, southeast of Paquisha, Mayaicu, alt. 1070 m, 20 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz, W. Flores, A. Andreetta & W. Teague 13494 (MO). COLOMBIA: sine loc., cultivated by the Robledos at La Ceja, 13 Nov. 1977, C. Luer 2187 (SEL). VENEZUELA: Bolivar: Rio Paragua, Salto Mahigia, 300 m, illustr. Oct. 1965, G.C.K. Dunsterville 954. This little species occurs in Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. It is characterized by the small, subcircular to broadly elliptical leaves borne by very short ramicauls and far surpassed by a filiform peduncle that bears a congested, umbelliform raceme of successive flowers. The lateral sepals are obtuse and connate to an elongated column-foot to form a mentum. The petals are large, fleshy, three-veined, and broadly rounded at the apex, an exception in the genus. The lip is arcuate, broadly elliptical, obtuse, and minutely verrucose within. Illustration: Fig. 97, herein, C. Luer illustr. 13494. 140 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Pabstiella tripterantha (Rchb.f.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis tripterantha Rchb.f., Bonplandia 2: 24, 1854. Ety.: From the Greek tripteranthos , “three-winged flower,” referring to the tall-carinate ovaries and sepals. Syn.: Pleurothallis tripterygia, Rchb.f., Bonplandia 2: 24, 1854. Ety.: From the Greek triptergion, “three-finned,” referring to the finlike carinae of the sepals and ovary. Syn.: Pleurothallis procumbens Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 35, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin procumbens, “leaning forward or downward,” referring to the scandent habit. Syn.: Lepanthes tricarinata Barb.Rodr., Gen. Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 43, 1882, not P. tricarinata Poepp. & Endl., 1836. Ety.: From the Latin tricarinatus, “tricarinate,” referring to the ovary and sepals. Syn.: Humboldtiaprocumbens (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia tripterantha (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Humboldtia tripterygia (Rchb.f.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 668, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis trialata Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 500, 1896, replaced name for Lepanthes tricarinata Barb.Rodr. Ety.: From the Latin trialatus, “ three-winged,” referring to the flowers and ovaries. Syn.: Masdevallia tricarinata Lehm. & Kraenzl., Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 26: 456, 1899, not P. tricarinata Poepp. & Endl., 1836. Syn.: Pleurothallis hamata Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 24: 187, 1916, nomen nudum ; ex Ames, Sched. Orch. 3: 8, 1923. Ety.: From the Latin hamatus, “hooked at the tip,” in allusion to recurving of tips of some sepals. Syn.: Pleurothallis medellinensis Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 7: 236, 1920. Ety.: Named for the city of Medellin, Colombia, near where the species was collected. Syn.: Masdevallia carpophora Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 427, 1921. Ety.: From the Greek carpophoros, “fruit-bearing,” referring to the cleistogamous flowers. Syn.: Masdevallia aperta Kraenzl., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 430, 1921. Ety.: From the Latin apertus, “open,” referring to the open flower as compared to those closed. Syn.: Pleurothallis hunteriana Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 17: 20, 1922. Ety.: Named for a Mr. Hunter, collector of this species. Syn.: Pleurothallis aperta (Kraenzl.) Ames, Sched. Orch. 7: 17, 1924. Syn.: Scaphosepalum carpophorum (Kraenzl.) Garay, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 21: 251, 1967. Syn.: Anthereon tripteranthus (Rchb.f.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 252, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia tripterantha (Rchb.f.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Plant small to large, epiphytic, shortly repent to caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender or stout, 0.5-3 cm long, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical to narrow¬ ly obovate, subacute to acute, 5-18 cm long, 1-2 cm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into an ill-defined petiole 1-5 cm long. Inflorescence a lax, simultaneously few- to many-flowered raceme, 3-44 cm long, including the peduncle 2-10 cm long, produced laterally from the ramicaul; flowers often cleistogamous; floral bracts 3-5 mm long; pedicels 4-8 mm long; ovary 2-4 mm long, thickly tall-winged; sepals fleshy, tall-carinate, green or yellow-green, variously mottled, spotted or dotted with purple, brown, or red, glabrous, the dorsal sepal narrowly scaphoid, acute, concave, 7-22 mm long, 1-2.5 mm wide, 1-2 mm deep, 3-veined, free from or adherent to the lateral sepals, the lateral sepals narrowly ovate, acute, con¬ nate 5-11 mm, or adherent above the middle, into a bifid, scaphoid synsepal, 7-22 mm long, 4-7.5 mm wide unexpanded; petals translucent yellow or white, variously spotted or veined in red or purple, gla¬ brous, elliptic-obovate, acute, 2-6 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, 2- to 3-veined; lip white, dotted with purple, narrowly elliptical-oblong, obtuse, 4-8 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, shallowly sulcate between low, minutely verrucose calli along the middle third to near the apex, the apex minutely verrucose, the base truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column longitudinally winged, 2-5 mm long, dentate at the apex, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick, 1-2 mm long. VENEZUELA: “Caracas,” alt. 5,000 ft.. May 1852, H Wagener 120 (Holotype: W); “Caracas,” H. Wagener 145 (holotype of P. tripterygia : W); sine loc., Lansberg s.n. (W). Zulia: Sierra de Perija, Rio Omira-Kuna, alt. 1500-1800 m, 27 Mar. 1972, J.A. Steyermark & G.C.K. & E. Dunsterville 105667 (AMES, VEN). Sine loc., collected by A. Mejia, cultivated in Medellin, Colombia, 7 Oct. 1977, C. Luer 1939 (SEL). SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 141 PANAMA: Chiriqui: sine loc., alt. 4,500 ft., Feb. 1923, C.W. Powell 277 (AMES, MO); alt. 4,500 ft., Oct., C.W. Powell 245 (AMES); alt. 4,000 ft., 6 July 1919, C.W. Powell 109 (holotype of P. hunteriana destroyed at B; lectotype here designated: AMES, isolectotype: K); headwaters of Rfo Chevo, Finca Ojode Auga, alt. 1650 m, 9 Oct. 1981, 5. Knapp 1458 (MO). COSTA RICA: Alajuela: La Palma, Rfo Blanco between Santa Rosa and San Luis, alt. 1400 m, 18 Apr. 1961, C. Horich 60-9-21 (MO). Cartago: Rfo Paquita, above the San Marcos bridge, ca. 1867, A. Endres s.n. (holotype of Masdevallia aperta: W). San Jose: Candelaria, Taburcia, also Rio Parrita, Dota, ca. 1867, A. Endres s.n. (W); sine loc., A. Endres s.n. (W: as “P. trionychia”)- Sine loc., flowered in cultivation at K, 31 July 1916, C. Lankester 350-15 (holotype of P. hamata: W; isotype: AMES); cultivated at K, 2 Aug. 1922 (K). COLOMBIA: Antioquia: terrestrial, around Hato Viejo near Medellin, alt. 1800 m, F.C. Lehmann 8240 (holotype of Masdevallia tricarinata destroyed at B); Quebrada Agua Clara, near Palmira, alt. 5,000- 6,000 ft., Oct. 1877, F.C. Lehmann 134 (W). Antioquia: Alto Murinde, collected by L.C. Vieira, culti¬ vated in Medellin, 25 Oct. 1979, C. Luer4338 (SEL); Frontino, collected by H. Angarita, cultivated at Colomborqufdeas, 16 May 1993, C. Luer 16883 (MO). Sine loc., cultivated by M. & O. Robledo at La Ceja, 9 Apr. 1988, C. Luer 13090 (MO). ECUADOR: Tungurahua: southeast of Patata overlooking Banos, alt. 3070 m, 2 June 1971, B. Mac- Bryde 405 (AMES). Napo: between Baeza and Cosanga, alt. 1800 m, 14 Apr. 1985, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 11267 (MO). PERU: Muna: alt. 7,000 ft., 23 May-4 June 1923, J.F. Macbride 4038 (AMES, F). Junfn: Colonia Perene, alt. 680 m, 14-22 June 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 25092 (AMES, US). Amazonas: Chacha- poyas, between Ingenio and Pomacochas, alt. 1700 m, 28 May 1963, A. Lopez , A. Segastegui <& V. Collantes 4277 (AMES, HUT). BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: Chapare, between Cochabamba and Villa Tunari, alt. 1200 m, 17 Jan. 1988, C. Luer, J. Luer & R. Vasquez 12855 (MO). Santa Cruz: south of Yapacanf, alt. 650 m, 7 Sept. 1991, C. Luer, J. Luer, L. Moreno & D. Ric 15404 (MO). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: forest at Cantagallo near Rio de Janeiro, B. Rodrigues s.n. (holotype of Lepanthes tricarinata is Rodrigues’s illustration); sine loc., A. Glaziou 14325 (BR); Alto Macahe, Jan. 1891, A. Glaziou s.n. (BR). Parana: Guaraque£aba, Serrinha, 9 Aug. 1967, G. Hatschbach 16880 (C). Sao Paulo: Amparo, Tres Pontes, 28 May, 1927, F.C. Hoehne s.n. (AMES, SP-20572). This species is relatively frequent in its wide distribution in tropical America at moderate altitudes. Individuals and populations vary greatly in size, both florally and vegetatively. The ramicauls are much shorter than the narrow leaves they bear. The inflorescence is pendent or arching, and more or less simultaneously flowered with the flowers commonly cleistogamous. The sepals are fleshy with a tall carina that includes the ovary. The petals and lip are simple. Both Reichenbach and Lindley recognized this species in Pleurothallis R.Br. Reichenbach described the first two variations simultaneously, the first epithet being accepted. Kranzlin described variations of the species three times in Masde¬ vallia Ruiz & Pav., and Garay transferred one of these names to Scaphosepalum Pfitzer. Pridgeon (2001) proposed Anthereon Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, an illegiti¬ mate, polyphyletic genus, with Pleurothallis tripterantha Rchb.f. [=Pabstiella trip- terantha (Rchb.f.) Luer] as the holotype. Anthereon is illegitimate, because the holotype of another genus, Pabstiella Brieger & Senghas, was included as one of the six species. Illustration: Icones-III: 94, 1986, Plate 49, C. Luer illustr. 10267, and variations. Fig. 98a, 98b, herein, C. Luer illustr. 4338, 13090. Pabstiella yauaperyensis (Barb.Rodr.) F.Barros, Bradea 8(43): 296, 2002. Type: Lepanthes yauaperyensis Barb.Rodr., Vellosia ed. 2: 117, 1891. Ety.: Named for Rio Yauapery where the species was collected. Syn.: Pleurothallis mentosa Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 400, 1896. Ety.: From the Latin mentosus , “with chin,” referring to the conspicuous mentum. Syn.: Anthereon mentosus (Cogn.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 252, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia mentosa (Cogn.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, erect to suberect, 6-12 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect to suberect, coriaceous, elliptical to broadly elliptical, obtuse, 2.5-4.5 cm long, 0.8-1.5 cm wide, cuneate below into 1-5 mm long petiole. Inflorescence an 142 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM erect to arching, subflexuous, successively, many-flowered raceme, to 12 cm long, including the pedun¬ cle 3-5 cm long, borne from the ramicaul; floral bracts thin, tubular, 2 mm long; pedicel 6-10 mm long; ovary 3.5 mm long; flowers resupinate or non-resupinate; sepals yellow-green, flecked with purple, glabrous, carinate externally, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acute, concave, 8-9 mm long, 3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovoid, concave, obtuse, shortly acuminate, minutely bifid synsepal, 9-10 mm long, 5-6 mm wide unexpanded, 6-veined, and connate to the column-foot for a prominent, retrorse mentum; petals white, veined in purple, entire, oblong-obovate, obtuse, 4-4.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined; lip white with purple flecks, obcuneate-obtriangular, broadly truncate at the apex, 5.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide across the apex, the disc somewhat thickened with a pair of low, obscure, longitudinal calli on the middle third, with an obtuse, the base narrowly cuneate-truncate, hinged to the column-foot; column white, semiterete 4 mm long, longitudinally winged with the apex cucullate, the foot 2 mm long, retrorse, the anther and stigma ventral. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Rio Yauapery near Chichinahu, B. Rodrigues s.n. (Holotype is Rodrigues’s illustra¬ tion): sine loc., E. Ule 5772 (BR); cultivated at the Sao Paulo Botanical Garden, Jan. 1997, C. Luer 18125 (MO). VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Rio Orinoco above Tama-Tama, alt. 150 m, 22 June, 1959, J.J. Wurdack & L.S. Adderley 43134 (AMES, NY). PERU: Amazonas: Bagua, Montenegro on the Rio Maranon, Km 278 east of Olmos, alt. 300 m, 23 Jan. 1964, PC. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 3739 (AMES, UC). BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: sine loc., collected by Fred Fuchs, Jr., 1974, C. Luer 274 (SEL). Described from along a tributary of the Amazon in Brazil, this species occurs across the Amazon basin from Peru and Bolivia in the west to Venezuela in the north. The long-pedicellate, flexuous raceme surpasses the leaves; and the flowers are conspicuously mentose with a wedge-shaped lip within the concave synsepal. Illustration: Fig. 99, herein, C. Luer illustr. 18125. ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM 143 144 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM PANMORPHIA Panmorphia Luer, gen. nov. Type: Epidendrum sertularioides Sw., Prodr. 122, 1788. Ety.: From the Greek panmorphius, “of all forms,” referring to the diverse morphology. Plantae caespitosae vel repentes. Racemus congestus vel laxus. Bracteae floralium saepe glandulo- sae vel pubescentes. Sepala lateralia connata vel divergentia. Petala integra ciliata vel pubescentia. Labellum plerumque longitudinaliter callosum canalliculatum, ad basim plerumque lobulatum. Syn.: Pleurothallis subgen. Specklinia sect. Muscosae Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 28: Misc. 82,1842. Type: Epidendrum sertularioides Sw., Prodr. 122, 1788. Ety.: Sectional name from the Latin muscosus , “mossy,” referring to the habitat. Syn.: Palmoglossum Klotzsch ex Rchb.f., nomen tantum, Xenia Orch. 1: 174, 1856. Type: Pleurothallis crassifolia Klotzsch ex Rchb.f., Xenia Orch. 1: 174, 1856. Syn.: Pleurothallis sect. Bipaleolatae Pabst, Orch. Bras. 153, 1975, nomen nudum. Syn.: Pleurothallis sect. Subumbellatae Pabst, Orch. Bras. 153, 1975, nomen nudum. Plants very small, small, medium to large, epiphytic, lithophytic to terrestrial, caespitose to long- repent; roots slender to fleshy. Ramicauls slender to proportionately stout, erect or ascending, shorter to much shorter than the leaf, never proliferating, with 1-3, imbricating, tubular sheaths, sometimes inflat¬ ed, below the middle and about the base. Leaf erect to prostrate, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical or narrowly obovate, to broadly elliptical or orbicular, acute to obtuse, narrowed below to a subsessile or petiolate base. Inflorescence usually racemose, few- to many-flowered, sometimes 1-flowered, erect to creeping, loosely to densely flowered, simultaneously to successively flowered, shorter or longer than the leaf, produced from a small, inconspicuous spathe, below but near the apex of the ramicaul with an annulus; floral bracts tubular to infundibular, sometimes glandular; pedicels short to elongate, sometimes glandular; ovary tricarpellate, terete; sepals glabrous, ciliate, or pubescent, obtuse to acute, but not caudate, free to variously connate; petals membranous, entire, ciliate or pubescent, acute to obtuse, sometimes caudate, with 1-3 veins; up entire to trilobed, ciliate, denticulate or fringed, the disc usually with a longitudinal callus, more or less higher at the base (the “sun dial” callus) and lower or bifid above the middle, to shallowly channeled between low calli, or rarely featureless, the base more or less truncate, often with a lobule at the corners, usually delicately hinged to the column-foot; column elon¬ gate, semiterete, with the margins variously winged, the apex entire to variously denticulate, the anther ventral, deciduous, the rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot is free of calli, the pollinia 2, ovoid, free, or more or less lightly adherent to minute viscidia. The species of Panmorphia Luer are distributed from southern Mexico, through Central America, the West Indies, and all South America south to Argentina, from sea level to altitudes over 3000 meters. Several affinities among the species can be recognized, but there is a continuum of variations among them. Vegetatively, the species are caespitose or repent, with well-developed rami¬ cauls developing among one group. The raceme is variable from loose to congested, as in Sarcinula Luer, strict to flexuous, shorter to longer than the leaf. The sepals are obtuse to acute. The lateral sepals are connate, semiconnate, or diverging. The petals are usually single-veined, sometimes ciliate or pubescent, but neither denticu¬ late nor fringed. The lip most often has a longitudinal callus that is frequently channeled toward the middle, and typically elevated at the base like a sun-dial, frequently ciliate, often with marginal angles that are sometimes developed into lobes, and usually with lobules at the corners of the base. The column-foot is without a pair of calli. Illustrations of species attributed to Panmorphia New combinations for Brazilian species not illustrated herein follow on page 177, Panmorphia abbreviata (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 100. Panmorphia angulosa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 101. Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 102a, 102b. Panmorphia brevipes (H.Focke) Luer.Fig. 103. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 145 Panmorphia burzlaffiana (Luer & Sijm) Luer.Fig. 104. Panmorphia casualis (Ames) Luer.Fig. 105. Panmorphia caudatipetala (C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 106. Panmorphia clandestina (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 107. Panmorphia comayaguensis (Ames) Luer.Fig. 108. Panmorphia cuspidata (Luer) Luer.Fig. 109. Panmorphia dalessandroi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 110. Panmorphia duplooyi (Luer & Sayers) Luer.Fig. 111. Panmorphia endresii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 112. Panmorphia escalarenis (Carnevali & Luer) Luer.Fig. 113. Panmorphia fractiflexa (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 114. Panmorphia francesiana (Luer) Luer.Fig. 115. Panmorphia funerea (Barb.Rodr.) Luer.Fig. 116a, 116b. Panmorphia grayumii (Luer) Luer.Fig. 117. Panmorphia haberi (Luer) Luer.Fig. 118. Panmorphia herpethophyton (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 119. Panmorphia holstii (Carnevali & I.Rarmrez) Luer.Fig. 120. Panmorphia humilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 121. Panmorphia imberbis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer.Fig. 122a, 122b. Panmorphia inversa (Luer) Luer...Fig. 123. Panmorphia involuta (L.O.Williams) Luer.Fig. 124. Panmorphia iota (Luer) Luer.Fig. 125. Panmorphia jamaicensis (Rolfe) Luer.Fig. 126. Panmorphia kuhniae (Luer) Luer.Fig. 127. Panmorphia lasioglossa (Schltr.) Luer.Fig. 128. Panmorphia lewisiae (Ames) Luer.Fig. 129. Panmorphia mazei (Cogn.) Luer.Fig. 130. Panmorphia megalophora (Luer) Luer.Fig. 131. Panmorphia millipeda (Luer) Luer.Fig. 132. Panmorphia minima (C.Schweinf.) Luer.Fig. 133. Panmorphia minutalis (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 134. Panmorphia muricaudata (Luer) Luer.Fig. 135a, 135b. Panmorphia nanifolia (Foldats) Luer.Fig. 136. Panmorphia oblanceolata (L.O.Williams) Luer.Fig. 137. Panmorphia pachyphyta (Luer) Luer.Fig. 138. Panmorphia polygonoides (Griseb.) Luer.Fig. 139. Panmorphia rabei (Foldats) Luer.Fig. 140a, 140b. Panmorphia reptilis (Luer & Dalstrom) Luer.Fig. 141. Panmorphia ricii (Luer & Vasquez) Luer.Fig. 142. Panmorphia sanchezii Luer & Hirtz.Fig. 143. Panmorphia seriata (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 144. Panmorphia sertularioides (Lindl.) Luer.Fig. 145. Panmorphia steinbuchiae (Carnevali & G.A.Romero) Luer.Fig. 146. Panmorphia abbreviata (Schltr.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis abbreviata Schltr.,/Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 352, 1912. Ety.: From the Latin abbreviate, “shortened,” referring to the ramicauls. Syn.: Anathallis abbreviata (Schltr.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 247, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia abbreviata (Schltr.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 258, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute, 10-15 mm long including a petiole ca. 2 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a congested, distichous, successively many-flowered raceme, to 14 mm long, borne by a slender peduncle 12-17 mm long; pedicels 0.8 mm long; floral bracts minutely verrucose, 0.75-1 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; flowers deep purple; sepals glabrous except for an occasional, cellular verruca externally, low-carinate, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, obtuse, concave, 3 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate to above the middle into an ovate, concave, shallowly bifid lamina with obtuse apices, 2.5 mm 146 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM long, 2.25 mm wide, 4-veined; petals obliquely obovate, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined, the apex obtuse, oblique, shortly acuminate with cellular margins; lip fleshy, oblong, subtrilobed, 1.8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, the margins cellular-fimbriate with a small, erect, obtuse lobe on the basal third, the apex bilobed, the disc channeled between a pair of longitudinal calli that terminate as the apical lobes, the base minutely bi-auriculate, delicately hinged beneath to the column-foot; column semiterete, 1.5 mm long, longitudinally winged above the middle with the apex minutely denticulate, the foot less than 1 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral. GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: near Coban, alt. ca. 4,400 ft., Nov. 1877, H. von Turckheim 10 (Holo- type destroyed at B; Lectotype here designated: W); between Petet and Samac, alt. 4,800 m, Apr. 1878, H. vov Turckheim 58 (AMES, W); collected near Coban, Escalera, by O. Mittlestaedt, flowered in culti¬ vation, 13 Feb. 1990, C. Luer 14603 (MO). MEXICO: Chiapas: Lago Tziscao, alt. 1500 m, 28 Oct. 1977, E.W. Greenwood & J.P.M. Brenan 59707 (AMO), C. Luer illustr. 19174. This very small, caespitose species, apparently uncommon and confined to Guatemala and adjacent Chiapas of Mexico, is distinguished by the densely and successively flowered raceme that eventually surpasses the leaf about twice its length. The sepals are obtuse, the laterals being connate into a synsepal. The petals are broad and sharply short-acuminate. Most distinguishing are the two longitudin¬ al calli on the lip that protrude at the apex as two lobes. Panmorphia angulosa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis angulosa Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 146, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin angulosus, “full of angles,” referring to the flexuous rachis. Syn.: Specklinia angulosa (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 258, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, repent, the rhizome stout, up to 10 cm long, 5-8 mm long between ramicauls, enclosed by deciduous sheaths; roots slender. Ramicauls stout, ascending, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 1-2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, fleshy, elliptical, obtuse, 12-15 mm long, 6-8 mm wide, the base broadly cuneate into a petiole less than 1 mm long. Inflorescence an erect, zigzag, loose, successively several-flowered raceme up to 35 mm long including the peduncle 2-3 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract oblique, 2.5 mm long; pedicel stout, 3 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals light red-brown, thickly fleshy, carinate, non-spreading, glabrous to microscopically pubes¬ cent externally, the dorsal sepal ovate, narrowly acute, 7 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, connate to the lateral sepals for 1 mm, the lateral sepals connate 1.5 mm, narrowly ovate, acute, oblique, 7 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; petals light red-brown, purple toward the apex, glabrous, ovate, acute, shortly acuminate, 3 mm lo long, 1.2 mm wide; lip light brown with the margins and center purple, elliptical, 2.25 mm long, 1 mm wide, the margins ciliate, with low, oblique lobelike angles below the middle, the apex rounded, the disc shallowly sulcate between a pair of low parallel calli, the base subcordate, bilobulate, delicately hinged to the column-foot; column broadly winged, 2.5 mm long, the foot thick, 0.5 mm long, the anther, rostel- lum and stigma ventral. ECUADOR: Pichincha: epiphytic in wet forest on the west slope of Volcan Illiniza, alt. ca. 2700 m, collected by A. Hirtz, flowered in cultivation in Quito, 7 Apr. 1985, C. Luer 11131 (Holotype: MO). This species is uncommon, known only from the original collection. It is distin¬ guished from the other species of the present genus under discussion by the long- repent habit and zigzag racemes that eventually reach a length twice taller than the leaves. The sepals are thick, fleshy and carinate; the petals are shortly acuminate; and the elliptical lip is ciliate with a small pair of lobes below the middle plus the usual pair of lobules at the base. Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis barbulata Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 40, 1859, replaced name for P. barba- ta H.Focke, 1853. Ety.: From the Latin barbulata, “little-bearded,” referring to the ciliate lip. Syn.: Humboldtia barbulata (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 667, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis barbata H.Focke, Bot. Zeit. 8: 227, 1853, not P barbata Westc., 1841. Ety.: From the Latin barbatus, “bearded,” referring to the ciliate lip. Syn.: Pleurothallis abjecta Ames, Sched. Orch. 2: 17, 1923. Ety.: From the Latin, abjectus, “of low esteem,” referring to the small habit. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 147 Syn.: Pleurothallis ciliilabia Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 19: 185, 1923. Ety.: From the Latin ciliilabius, “ciliate-lipped,” referring to the labellum. Syn.: Pleurothallis nubensis Foldats, Acta. Bot. Venez. 3: 384, 1968. Ety.: From the Latin nubes, “cloud,” referring to the foggy habitat. Syn.: Pleurothallis minutissima Luer, Orquideologfa 20: 218, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin minutissimus, “extremely small,” referring to the size of plant and flower. Syn.: Anathallis barbulata (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 247, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Syn.: Specklinia minutissima (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 5-8 mm long including a petiole 1-3 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a con¬ gested, fasciculate, few-flowered raceme borne by an erect or suberect, filiform peduncle, 4-15 mm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 0.5 mm long; pedicel 1 mm long; ovary 0.5-1 mm long; sepals red-purple, membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, 2-3.5 mm long, 0.75-1.5 mm wide, faintly 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into a shortly bifid, broadly ovate lamina, 1.75-2.75 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, 2-veined; petals translucent red-purple, ovate, acute, shortly ciliate above the middle, 1.5-2.25 mm long, 0.5-1 mm wide; lip maroon, oblong, ciliate, 1.2-2.25 mm long, 0.5-0.6 mm wide, the apex rounded, the margins thin and erect below the middle, the disc with a pair of longitu¬ dinal calli, in apposition at the base, slightly diverging toward the apex, the base bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1-1.5 mm long, the anther and the stigma ventral. SURINAME: Paramaribo, 31 Oct. 1852, illustration of Pleurothallis barbata by H.C. Focke s.n. (Holo- type of P. barbata = illustr. by H.C. Focke: K); Paramaribo, 1 June 1852, illustr. of P. barbata by H.C. Focke s.n. (W). FRENCH GUIANA: Sous bois, Layon de chasse au NE d’Antecume Pata, confluent de Litany et du Marouini, 19 Nov. 1977, G. Cremers 5070 (CAY); Vallee de la Haute Approuague, Massif des Emeril- lons, 16 Dec. 1983, C. Feuillet 1287 (CAY); Montagne de Kaw, alt. 280 m, 12 May 1986, C. Luer & J. Luer 12236 (MO). GUYANA: Essequibo River, Moraballi Creek near Bartica, alt. near sea level, 13 Sept. 1929, N. Y. Sandwith 252 (K); Bartica-Potaro road, 18 Aug. 1937, N.Y. Sandwith 1118 (K). VENEZUELA: Falcon: Sierra de San Luis, J.A. Steyermark 99482 (holotype of P. nubensis: VEN). COLOMBIA: Cauca: near Hatico, above Popayan, alt. 5,000 ft., 20 Nov. 1878, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (AMES); Valle del Cauca: forest of Las Juntas del Dagua, west Andes of Cali, alt. 200-500 m, undated, F.C. Lehmann 8204 (holotype of P. minutissima: K), C. Luer illustr. 11291, 1996. ECUADOR: Esmeraldas: west of Lita toward San Lorenzo, alt. 750 m, 18 Jan. 1987, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz et al. 12379 (MO). Imbabura: Lita, alt. 700 m, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 15165 (MO). Napo: Rio Cascales east of Lumbaqui, alt. 450 m, 8 Feb. 1986, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz et al. 11757 (MO). Morona-Santiago: Cordillera del Cutucu, between Mendez and Morona, alt. 950 m, 18 Jan. 1989, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. & P. Jesup 13994 (MO). Azuay: Cordillera del Molleturo, above Rio Shuri- mal, alt. 650 m, 27 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. & P. Jesup 16177 (MO). PERU: San Martin: Moyobamba, along Rfo Mayo, alt. 815 m, 9 Dec. 1990, D. Bennett et al. 4771 (MO). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Nor Yungas, north of Caranavi toward Alto Beni, alt. 1550, 26 June 1988, C. Luer, J. Luer, J. Solomon, et al. 12935 (MO); Sur Yungas, along Rio La Paz toward Asunta, alt. 900 m, 6 Mar. 1984, C. Luer, J. Luer & R. Vasquez 9501 (MO); Larecaja: above Tipuani, alto Llipi, alt. 1350 m, A. Hirtz, 7. del Hierro & W. Teague s.n. (MO). Cochabamba: new road from Villa Tunari to Cochabamba, alt. 1320 m, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. Vasquez et al. 18340 (MO). Santa Cruz: south of Yapacanf, alt. 650 m, 7 Sept. 1991, C. Luer, J. Luer, L. Moreno & D. Ric 15401 (MO). MEXICO: Chiapas: El Real, east of Ocosingo, 14 July 1954, R.L. Dressier 1414 (AMES); Monte Libano, east of Ocosingo, 16 July, 1954, R.L. Dressier 1426 (AMES); near Laguna Ocotal Grande, southeast of Cerro Libano, alt. 950 m, 20 July-20 Aug. 1954, R.L. Dressier 1473 (AMES). GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: vicinity of Chama, alt. 900 ft., 5 Aug. 1920, H. Johnson 905 (holotype of P. abjecta: AMES; isotype: US). HONDURAS: Comayagua: Malcotal, Minas de Oro, alt. 4200 ft., 5 July 1932, J.B. Edwards 195 (AMES). COSTA RICA: Alajuela: San Ramon, Calera, Sept. 1867, E. Endres 35, 45, 67 (W); heights around San Ramon, ca. 1867, A. Endres 24, sketch 158 (W); Alto de La Calera de San Ramon, alt. 850 m, Dec. 1921, A.M. Brenes 215 (holotype of P. ciliilabia presumably destroyed at B; Lectotype here designated: AMES, illustr. of type). Cartago: Orosi, 30 Mar. 1924, PC. Standley 39708 (AMES). Guanacaste: El Arenal, alt. 485-600 m, 19 Jan. 1926, PC. Standley & J. Valerio 45244 (AMES); Naranjos Agrios, alt. 600-700 m, 29 Jan. 1926, P.C. Standley & J. Valerio 46442 (AMES). San Jose: Quebradillas north of Santa Maria de Dota, alt. 1800 m, 24 Dec. 1925, P.C. Standley 43106 (AMES). Puntarenas: road to San Luis, alt. 1380 m, 22 Mar. 1995, C. Luer, J. Luer, J. Atwood & G. Barbosa 17470 (MO); Montever- da Community, Lowther property, alt. 1475 m, 19 July 1989, J.T. Atwood 89-299 (MO, SEL). 148 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM This tiny species is relatively frequent and widely distributed through Central and South America at lower altitudes than most of its relatives. Focke’s illustra¬ tions made in Suriname in 1852 are accurate. It is characterized by the minute, caespitose habit with elliptical leaves borne by short ramicauls. The flower is produced successively in a congested, fasciculated raceme at the tip of the pedun¬ cle; the sepals are glabrous with the laterals mostly connate; the petals are acute and minutely ciliate; and the protruding lip is oblong, longitudinally callous and ciliate. Panmorphia brevipes (H.Focke), Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis brevipes H.Focke, Tijdschr. Wis-Natuurk. Wetensch. 2: 198, 1849. Ety.: From the Latin brevipes , “short-foot,” referring to the ramicaul shorter than the leaf. Syn.: Lepanthes modesta Barb.Rodr., Gen. Sp. Orch. Nov. 2: 62, 1882. Ety.: From the Latin modestus, “modest,” referring to the humble appearance of the plant. Syn.: Humboldtia brevipes (H.Focke) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 667, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis modesta (Barb.Rodr.) Cogn., FI. Bras. 3(4): 449, 1896. Syn.: Anathallis brevipes (Focke) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 247, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia brevipes (H.Focke), Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1-4 cm long, enclosed by 2-3 ribbed, closely fitting, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, sometimes dotted with purple, ellipti¬ cal to narrowly elliptical, acute, 2-5.5 cm long including a petiole 0.5-1 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, cu- neate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a successively 3- to 7-flowered raceme up to 2.5 cm long including the peduncle 1-5 mm long, from a node below the abscission layer; floral bracts 2-3 mm long; pedicel 2-3 mm long; ovary 1-1.5 mm long; sepals fleshy, rosy yellow, brownish yellow, or orange, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5-6 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, 3-(5-)veined, the later¬ al sepals connate below the middle, ovate, oblique, acute, 5-6.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, 2-(4-)veined; petals yellow, red at the tip, elliptical-ovate, more or less minutely erose on the upper margin, acute, 3-4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 1-veined; lip red-purple, elliptical-oblong, obtuse, 2 mm long, 0.6-1 mm wide, with the margins slightly dilated and minutely ciliate-serrulate below the middle, disc shallowly sulcate, the base subtruncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 1.5-2 mm long, winged above the middle, denticulate-fimbriate at the apex, with the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral, the foot 0.5-1 mm long. SURINAME: Paramaribo, 31 Oct. 1845, H.C. Focke 69 illustr. (Holotype: W). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: mountains near Rodeio, B. Rodrigues s.n. (holotype of P modesta = illustr. of B. Rodrigues). Para: Wullschlaegel 1589 (AMES, BR, W). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Nor Yungas, north of Caranavi toward Alto Beni, alt. 1550, 26 Jan. 1988, C. Luer, J. Luer, R. Vasquez & J. Solomon 12937 (MO). Santa Cruz: near Samaipata, collected by Fred Fuchs, Jr., flowered in cultivation 5 July 1974, C. Luer 236 (SEL). COLOMBIA: sine loc., cultivated in Medellin by A. Mejia, 9 Oct. 1977, C. Luer 1961 (SEL). Meta: Munic. Puerto Rico, cultivated in Medellin by R. Londono, 20 Mar. 1989, C. Luer 14303 (MO). ECUADOR: Pastaza: south of Puyo toward Macas, alt. 950 m, 28 Feb. 2001, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 19557 (MO). Morona-Santiago: near Sucua, alt. ca. 900 m, collected and cultivated in Macas by A. Zhiminaicala, 1 Mar. 2001, C. Luer 19594 (MO); near Pangui, alt. 600 m, cultivated at Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, Apr. 2001, A. Hirtz 7558 (MO). PERU: Amazonas: Bagua, summit of Abra Huahuajin pass, Rio Maranon highway below Montenegro, alt. 800 m, 21 Jan. 1961, cultivated June 1964, PC. Hutchison & J.K. Wright 3700 (AMES, UC). This species is relatively frequent in its wide distribution across northern South America and as far south as Rio de Janeiro. It is characterized by ramicauls only slightly shorter than the leaf. The flowers are borne successively in a raceme much shorter than the leaf. The sepals are acute and free above the base; the petals are also acute; and the oblong lip is minutely ciliate-serrulate with slightly dilated margins below the middle. The base is minutely bilobulate. Panmorphia brevipes is one of several species in the genus with well-developed ramicauls. Thought was given to segregate them into another genus, but when all are viewed, a continuum into short ramicauls is found. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 149 Panmorphia burzlaffiana (Luer & Sijm) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis burzlaffiana Luer & Sijm, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3: 43, 2001. Ety.: Named for Ingrid Burzlaff of Graasten, Denmark, who cultivates this species. Syn.: Pleurothallis succuba Luer, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 4: 19, 2003. Ety.: From the Latin succubus, referring to new growth rising behind the margin of preceding leaf. Syn.: Specklinia succuba (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 264, 2004. Syn.: Specklinia burzlaffiana (Luer & Sijm) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, repent, the rhizome stout, 1-2 mm long between ramicauls, 1 mm thick; roots proportionately stout. Ramicauls stout, 1 mm long, enclosed by 1 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf suberect to prone, overlapping, thickly coriaceous, elliptical, obtuse, 8-9 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide, cuneate below into the sessile base. Inflorescence a successively few-flowered raceme up to 3 mm long including the peduncle 2-2.5 mm long, arising laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel 2-2.5 mm long; ovary winged, 1 mm long; sepals purple, fleshy, subcarinate, ciliate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5 mm long, 2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate 1.5 mm, ovate, oblique, acute, 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined; petals purple, narrowly linear-ovate, acute, ciliate-pubescent, 4 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined; lip dark purple, spathulate-trilobed, 1.5 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, suborbicular above the middle, oblong below the middle with a small, erect, ciliate, marginal lobe, the disc with a longitudinal carina on the claw below the middle, the base bilobulate, hinged between to the column- foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, with the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral. Sine loc., obtained from Ingrid Burzlaff of Graasten, Denmark, flowered in cultivation in Venhuizen, the Netherlands, 11 Aug. 2000, by A.P. Sijm 200728 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 19385. Although collection data are unknown, this species most probably is Andean in origin. It is characterized by small, thick, elliptical, overlapping leaves borne by a creeping rhizome; short, few-flowered racemes; acute sepals and ciliate-pubescent petals; and a lip that is suborbicular above the middle, and bilobulate below the middle with a longitudinal callus. Panmorphia casualis (Ames), Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis casualis Ames, Sched. Orch. 9: 30, 1925. Ety.: From the late Latin casualis, “by chance,” an obscure reference. Syn.: Anathallis casualis (Ames) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia casualis (Ames), Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, obtuse, 8-11 mm long including a petiole 2-3 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, successive¬ ly, few-flowered raceme with the flowers 1-3 mm apart, borne by an erect or suberect, filiform peduncle, 5-6 mm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1.3 mm long; pedicel 1.5 mm long; ovary 0.5-1 mm long; sepals red-purple, membranous, glabrous to minutely pubescent within, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, 3-4 mm long, 1-1.3 mm wide, faintly 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into a shortly bifid, broadly ovate lamina, 3-3.3 mm long, 2-2.2 mm wide, 2-veined (faintly 4-veined); petals translucent red-purple, glabrous, ovate, oblique, 2-2.6 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, the apex acute, acu¬ minate into a narrowly terete, minutely ciliate tail; lip maroon, oblong, minutely ciliate, 1.6 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, the apex rounded, the margins thin an erect below the middle, the disc shallowly sulcate between a pair of longitudinal calli, in apposition at the base, slightly diverging toward the apex, the base bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1-1.5 mm long, the anther and the stigma ventral. COSTA RICA: San Jose: La Hondura, alt. 1300-1700 m, 2 Mar. 1924, PC. Standley 36517 (Holotype: AMES; Isotype: US). Alajuela: La Palma de San Ramon, alt. 1150 m, 11 Aug. 1925, AM. Brenes (197)1391 (AMES). Guanacaste: Monteverde, S. Ingram & K. Ferrell-Ingram 1267 (CR, MO), C. Luer illustr. 17064; Monteverde, S. Ingram & K. Ferrell-Ingram 1723 (CR, MO), C. Luer illustr. 17049. PANAMA: Panama: Altos de Pecora road, alt. 650 m, C. Luer, J. Luer 1082 (SEL). This little species is related to the frequent and widely distributed Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer. It is distinguished from the latter by a short and lax, in¬ stead of a fasciculate raceme, and glabrous petals contracted above 150 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM the middle into a slender, terete, minutely ciliate tail, that is often thickened at the tip. Variations between P. barbulata and P. casualis occur. It is also similar to the Andean P. caudatipetala (C.Schweinf.) Luer, which is distinguished by the slender and essentialy glabrous tail of the petals. The ciliate, centrally cleft lips of all three species are similar. Panmorphia caudatipetala (C.Schweinf.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis caudatipetala C.Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. 10: 175, 1942. Ety.: From the Latin caudatipetalus, “with caudate petals,” referring to the tips of the petals. Syn.: Specklinia caudatipetala (C.Schweinf.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 8-27 mm long including a petiole 3-10 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme up to 3.5 cm long, including the peduncle, 10-15 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1-1.5 mm long; pedicels 1.5 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals purple, or yellowish and suffused with purple or brown, membranous, ciliate, pubescent, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 3.5-4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate above the middle into a bifid, ovate lamina, 3.25-3.5 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide, 4-veined; petals glabrous, translucent, red-purple toward the apex, the blade elliptical below the middle, 1.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, the apex obtuse, abruptly acuminate near the middle into a slender tail, 1-1.5 mm long; lip purple, oblong to subpandu- rate, ciliate above the middle, 1.75 mm long, 0.75-1 mm wide, the apex rounded, the margins thin and slightly incurved below the middle, the disc with a pair of longitudinal calli, in apposition at the base, diverging toward the middle, joining again toward the apex, the base bilobulate, hinged to the column- foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1.25-1.5 mm long, the anther and the stigma ventral. PERU: Junfn: Chanchamayo Valley, alt. 1500 m, Mar. 1950, C. Schunke 1307 (Holotype: F). Cuzco: Huancabamba, Machu Picchu, alt. 2040 m, 16 Apr. 1943, C. Vargas 3367 (AMES, herb. Vargas); Urubamba, Machu Picchu, on rocks, alt. 2040 m, ca. 16 Apr. 1948, C. Vargas 3367 (AMES). BOLIVIA: La Paz: Nor Yungas, Yierbani, alt. 2750 m, collected by M. Manon, 5 Feb. 1980, C. Luer 5132 (SEL). Cochabamba: Chapare, between Cochabamba and Villa Tunari, alt. 1200 m, 17 Jan. 1988, C. Luer, J. Luer & R. Vasquez 12854 (MO). ECUADOR: Pichincha: old road between Quito and Santo Domingo, collected by C.H. Dodson, culti¬ vated at SEL, 1975, C. Luer 565 (SEL). COSTA RICA: San Jose: near Cascajal, alt. 1700 m, collected and cultivated by W. Ballestero, 21 Mar. 1986, B. Luer 12137 (MO). This little, tufted plant is indistinguishable from numerous other, small, similar, pleurothallis species with abbreviated ramicauls. It apparently is infrequent although widely distributed from Central America into the Andes. It is character¬ ized by a lax, flexuous, successively flowered raceme that surpasses the leaves. The sepals are acute an variously ciliate and pubescent. The petals are glabrous, ellipti¬ cal below the middle, and contracted near the middle into a narrowly linear, apical portion. The lip is oblong to subpandurate and ciliate above the middle. A pair of longitudinal calli begin tall above the middle, diverge near the middle, and in apposition at the base. Panmorphia clandestina (Lindl.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis clandestina Lindl., Folia Orch. Pleurothallis 43, 1859. Ety.: From the Latin clandestinus, “secret,” possibly referring to the rounded tubercle at the tip of the lip in Fendler’s sketch that Lindley was unable to verify. Syn.: Humboldtia clandestina (Lindl.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 667, 1891. Syn.: Pleurothallis zorrocuchensis Luer, Selbyana5: 188, 1979. Ety.: Named for Lago Zorrocucho in southern Ecuador where the species was collected. Syn.: Anathallis clandestina (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia clandestina (Lindl.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 151 Plant small, epiphytic, repent, branching, up to 5 cm long or longer, 2-4 mm long between rami- cauls; roots slender, from nodes along the rhizome. Ramicauls stout, 1-1.5 mm long, enclosed by a thin, tubular sheath. Leaf suberect to prostrate, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 5-12 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, broadly cuneate below into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence 2-3 suberect, sublax, dis¬ tichous, successively 2- to 4-flowered raceme up to 5-8 mm long including the peduncle 1-2 mm long, from a node at the apex of the ramicaul; floral bract 1-1.5 mm long; pedicel 1-2 mm long; ovary tricos¬ tate, 1 mm long; sepals light yellow, suffused with brown, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, subacute, 3.8-4 mm long, 2.25-2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, subacute, minutely bifid synsepal, 3.5 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 2-veined; petals light brown, narrowly ovate, acute, entire to microscopically suberose, 3 mm long, 0.5-0.8 mm wide, 1-veined; lip yellow with white appen¬ dages, obovate, 2.1 mm long, 0.9 mm wide, the apex rounded with an obscure, midline callus, the sides covered with long, glandular hairs, the disc shallowly concave, the base subtruncate, bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1.25-1.75 mm long, with the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral. VENEZUELA: sine loc., 1854-56, A. Fendler2148 (Holotype: K), C. Luer illustr. 19047. ECUADOR: Azuay: in trees around Lago Zorrocucho, southeast of Cuenca, alt, 3000 m, 7 Feb. 1978, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Andreetta & M. Portilla 2473 (holotype of P. zorrocuchensis : SEL); same locality, in fruit, July 1977, C. Luer, J. Luer & G. Luer 1826 (SEL). This small species is known from two distant localities, one in Venezuela, the other in Ecuador. It is distinguished by a creeping rhizome with suberect to pros¬ trate, elliptical leaves, and a short, successively few-flowered raceme. The dorsal sepal and synsepal are subacute. Fendler’s distorted sketch shows the synsepal much larger than the dorsal sepal, which I cannot believe is correct. The petals are attenuated, those of the Ecuadorian collection being smooth while those of the Venezuelan collection are microscopically suberose. The sides of the obovate lip are covered by long, pedunculate appendages, and the apex is rounded with an ob¬ scure callus, noted by Fendler, but not confirmed by Lindley. Panmorphia comayaguensis (Ames) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis comayaguensis Ames, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 4: 31, 1936. Ety.: Named for the department of Comayagua, Honduras, where the species was collected. Syn.: Anathallis comayaguensis (Ames) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia comayaguensis (Ames) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, repent, the rhizome proportionately stout, in masses up to 10 cm long, 1-2 mm long between ramicauls, enclosed by 2 thin, acuminate sheaths; roots proportionately thick . Ramicauls ascending, 0.5 mm long, enclosed by 1 thin, acuminate sheath. Leaf prostrate, overlapping, coriaceous, broadly elliptical, obtuse, 4.5-5.5 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, the base broadly cuneate into a petiole less than 0.5 mm long. Inflorescence an erect or suberect, congested, successively 2- to 4-flow¬ ered raceme up to 1.5 mm long, borne by a slender peduncle 2-3 mm long, laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract oblique, 1 mm long; pedicel 1.5 mm long; ovary 0.4 mm long; sepals red, membranous, subcarinate, non-spreading, glabrous, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, subacute, 2.5 mm long, 1 mm wide, 3-veined, barely connate to the lateral sepals, the lateral sepals connate into a broadly to suborbicular, minutely bifid synsepal, 2 mm long, 2 mm wide, 4-veined; petals glabrous except for an occasional cellular hair, ovate, oblique, 1.75 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, 1-veined, cuneate above the middle to a rounded, thickened apex; lip elliptic-oblong, 1.3 mm long, 0.4 mm wide, the margins erect and long- ciliate below the middle, the apex rounded, convex, cellular-papillose, the disc longitudinally sulcate between a pair of low subparallel calli for the basal 2 thirds, the base bilobulate, delicately hinged bet¬ ween to the column-foot; column broadly winged, irregularly erose at the apex, 1 mm long, the foot thick, 0.5 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral. HONDURAS: Comayagua: Minas de Oro, 29 Dec. 1932, J.B. Edwards 338 (Holotype: AMES), C. Luer illustr. 19043. GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz: Chicayinito near Coban, alt. 4300 ft., June 1881, H. von Tilrckheim 648 (W). Peten: Sabana San Francisco, La Libertad, 29 Mar. 1933, C.L. Lundell 2140, 2235 (AMES). This tiny species is uncommon in Honduras and Guatemala. It is characterized by minute, broadly elliptical, overlapping, prostrate leaves produced in masses by a creeping rhizome. The flower is borne successively in a congested raceme shorter 152 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM than the leaf. The petals are proportionately large with a rounded, thickened apex with several cilia present on the margin. The lip is basically similar to those species related to Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer: oblong, ciliate, channeled medially, and bilobulate at the base. Panmorphia cuspidata (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis cuspidata Luer, Selbyana 3: 282, 1977. Ety.: From the Latin cuspidatus, “pointed,” referring to the tips of the petals. Syn.: Anathallis cuspidata (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Speckiinia cuspidata (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-7 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical-obovate, subacute to obtuse, 15-35 mm long including a petiole 5-10 mm long, 5-9 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflores¬ cence a loose, flexuous, successively several-flowered raceme up to 5 cm long, including the peduncle, l. 5-2 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1.5-2 mm long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 mm long; ovary 1.5 mm long; sepals purple, membranous, glabrous, the lateral sepals pubescent centrally, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, acuminate, 9 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into an ovate, acute, minutely bifid lamina, 9 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 4-veined, forming a mentum with the column-foot; petals glabrous, translucent, red-purple, the blade obovate, 2.5 mm long, 2 mm wide, the apex obtuse, abruptly acuminate into a slender tail, 4-5 mm long; lip purple, oblong-subpandurate, ci¬ liate, 2.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, the apex rounded, the disc with a longitudinal, minutely channeled callus, tall at the base, becoming a shallow channel toward the apex, the base bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column broadly winged, dentate at the apex, 2.5 mm long, the anther and the stigma ven¬ tral, the foot concave, 1 mm long. PANAMA: Chiriqui: cloud forest, Cerro Hornito, alt. ca. 1700 m, 15 Dec. 1976, C. Luer, A. Luer, R.L. Dressier, N.H. Williams & FL Stevenson 1335 (Holotype: SEL); trail to Cerro Pate Macho, alt. 1500- 1750 m, 6 Feb. 1986, G. McPherson & M. Merello 8273 (MO). COSTA RICA: sine loc., ca. 1867, A. Endres 56, sketch 666 (illustr. at W). Taus, collected by L. Glicen- stein, cultivated by J & L Orchids, Easton, CT, 19 Nov. 1977, C. Luer 2227 (SEL). COLOMBIA: Putumayo: tall forest north of Valle de Sibundoy, toward San Francisco mine, alt. 2800 m, 9 Jan. 1957, M. Ospina & J.M. Idrobo 152 (AMES, COL). ECUADOR: Pichincha: data lost, S. Dalstrom s.n. (MO), C. Luer illustr. 16600. This little, caespitose species is indistinguishable from numerous other, small, similar species. It occurs sporadically in Central America, Colombia and Ecuador. It is characterized by a lax, flexuous, successively flowered raceme that surpasses the leaves. The sepals are acuminate and glabrous, but the collection from Ecuador is minutely pubescent. The petals are contracted from below the middle into a long, filiform tail. The lip is subpandurate and ciliate. A midline callus begins tall at the base, disappearing into a shallow channel toward the apex. Panmorphia dalessandroi (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis dalessandroi Luer, Selbyana 7: 116, 1982. Ety.: Named in honor of Dennis D’Alessandro who discovered this species. Syn.: Anathallis dalessandroi (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Speckiinia dalessandroi (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant large for Panmorphia , epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls erect, 2-3 cm long, enclosed by 3, loose, imbricating, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, obtuse, 4-6 cm long including a petiole 1-1.5 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a sub¬ congested, successively few-flowered raceme up to 1 cm long including the peduncle 0.3 cm long, from a node near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bract 2-3 mm long; pedicel 3-4 mm long; ovary 2-3 mm long, wing-carinate; sepals cream-colored, lightly suffused with purple, finely pubescent within, carinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 10-12.5 mm long, 3.25 mm wide, 5- to 7-veined, the lateral sepals oblong, oblique, acute, 10-11.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, connate 1.5 mm, 5- to 6-veined; petals purple, narrowly triangular, acute, ciliate-pubescent, 8-9 mm long, 1.75 mm wide, 3-veined; lip purple, oblong-trilobed, 3 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, with the apex rounded, the lateral lobes of narrowly linear, erect, ciliate, 1 mm SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 153 long, below the middle, the disc shallowly channeled, pubescent above the base, the base subtruncate, bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 3 mm long, with the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral. 2000 m, 21 Feb. 1982, D. D’Alessandro 168 (Holotype: SEL), C. Luer illustr. 8079; Estacion Cientifica San Francisco between Loja and Zamora, alt. 2000 m, 9 Sept. 2003, F.A. Werner 469 (GOET, MO, QCNE). This species, apparently endemic in southern Ecuador, is closely related to the widely distributed and frequent Panmorphia rabei (Foldats) Luer. It is easily dis¬ tinguished from the latter by the larger habit and much larger flowers with multive- ined sepals. Interested readers are referred to the description above. The lateral lobes of the lip below the middle are narrow, erect, ciliate, and one millimeter long. Panmorphia duplooyi (Luer & Sayers) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis duplooyi Luer & Sayers. Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3: 48, 2001. Ety.: Named in honor of the late Ken DuPlooy, former director of the Belize Botanical Garden, who had a keen interest in the flora of Belize. Syn.: Specklinia duplooyi (Luer & Sayers) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, shortly repent, rhizome 1-2 mm long between ramicauls; roots compara¬ tively thick. Ramicauls erect, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf suberect to pros¬ trate, coriaceous, lens-shaped, elliptical, subacute to obtuse, 5-8 mm long including a petiole 1 mm long, 2.5-3.5 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a subcongested, successively, few- flowered raceme borne by an erect, filiform peduncle, 20-27 mm long, laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts 1 mm long; pedicel 1 mm long; ovary 0.8 mm long; sepals red-purple, membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal flat, oblong, acute, 5.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals elliptical-oblong, acute, connate basally for 0.75 mm, 5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 2-veined; petals translucent red-purple, ovate, oblique, sharply acute, microscopically ciliate, 3.75 mm long, 1.25 mm wide; lip maroon, narrow¬ ly elliptical, acute, long-ciliate, 2.5 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, the disc channeled between a pair of longi¬ tudinal calli, the base bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column winged above the middle, denticu¬ late at the apex, 1.75 mm long, the anther and the stigma ventral. BELIZE: Toledo District, Little Quartz Ridge Camp, alt. 740 m, 1 Aug. 2000, B. Sayers 997 (Holotype: DBN; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 19392. This tiny species is closely related to the widely distributed Panmorphia barbu- lata (Lindl.) Luer. From it, it is distinguished by a much larger flower with free lateral sepals. The petals are sharply acute and microscopically ciliate. The lip is narrowly elliptical, long-ciliate, and longitudinally channeled. Panmorphia endresii (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis endresii Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 172, 1999. Ety.: Named in honor of A.R. Endres, nineteenth century collector and illustrator of Costarican orchids. Syn.: Anathallis endresii (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia endresii (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, long-repent, up to 10 cm long, the rhizome stout, 4-5 mm long between ramicauls, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths; roots produced along the rhizome. Ramicauls suberect, 3 mm long, enclosed by a tubular sheath. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical to narrowly obovate, 15-22 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, subacute to obtuse at the apex, narrowly cuneate below into an indistinct petiole ca. 3 mm long. Inflorescence a successive, 3- to 4-flowered raceme, ca. 5 mm long including the peduncle 2 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bract infundibular, 1 mm long; pedicel 1 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals appear to have been purple, minutely ciliate, thickened above the middle, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, acute, 5.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate 1 mm at the base, narrowly oblong-ovate, acute, 6 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 3-veined; petals oblong, 2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, 1-veined, serrate at the subacute apex; lip narrowly ovate, narrowly rounded at the apex, 3 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, the margins ciliate-denticulate, the disc longitudinally carinate on lower half, the carina bifurcated above the base, the base membraneously bilobulate, hinged to the column- foot; column semiterete, 2 mm long, long-denticulate at the apex, the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral, the foot concave. 154 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM COSTA RICA: Cartago: Pizirres, along road to San Cristobal, ca. 1867, A. Endres 555 (Holotype: W), C. Luer illustr. 18576. This small species, collected by Endres in the nineteenth century and misidenti- fied by someone other than Reichenbach as Pleurothallis sertularioides [= Pan¬ morphia sertularioides (Sw.) Luer], was found in Reichenbach’s herbarium at W. Neither description nor illustration by Endres has been seen. I know of no recent collection. The accompanying description and illustration were made from dry and rehydrated material. Panmorphia endresii is distinguished by a repent habit, erect elliptical leaves borne by much shorter ramicauls from which a short, successively few-flowered raceme arises. The dorsal sepal is free, but the laterals are connate basally. The sepals are narrow and ciliate; the petals are oblong and serrate; and the narrowly ovate lip is denticulate with a bifurcated callus below the middle, and bilobulate at the base. Panmorphia escalarensis (Carnevali & Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis escalarensis Carnevali & Luer, No von 13: 414, 2003. Ety.: Named for La Escalera, “the stairway,” referring to the steep mountain side where the species occurs. Syn.: Specklinia escalarensis (Carnevali & Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-3 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptic-obovate, subacute to obtuse, 9- 11 mm long including a petiole 1-2 mm long, 3 mm wide, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflores¬ cence a loose, subflexuous, successively many-flowered raceme 17-27 mm long, borne by an erect or suberect, filiform peduncle, ca. 10 mm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 0.5 mm long; pedicel 1-1.5 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals purple, darker along the veins, membranous, glabrous, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, acute, 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into a shortly bifid, broadly ovate, obtuse lamina, 2.6 mm long, 2 mm wide, 4-veined; petals purple, ovate, oblique, acute, microscopically erose, 2 mm long, 0.75 mm wide; lip purple, oblong-tri- lobed, minutely to microscopically ciliate-erose, 1.8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, wider across the lobes expanded, the apex rounded, with erect, oblique, marginal lobes below the middle, the disc shallowly sulcate between a pair of longitudinal calli, the base bilobulate, hinged to the tip of the column-foot; column winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1.75 mm long, the anther and stigma ventral. VENEZUELA: Bolivar: between El Dorado and Santa Elena de Uairen, alt. 300-400 m, 20 June 1994, G. Carnevali, W. Fritz & C. Coleman 3672 (Holotype: VEN), C. Luer illustr. 18954. This species is known to occur in only one area of lowland, northeastern Vene zuela. It is distinguished from the other species related to Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer by the very small habit with a capillary, loose, subflexuous, succes¬ sively flowered raceme that eventually far exceeds the leaf. The sepals are glabrous and the laterals are connate to near the apex. The petals are acute and oblique with microscopically erose margins. The lip is oblong, also microscopically ciliate- erose, with erect, oblique lobes below the middle. Panmorphia fractiflexa (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis fractiflexa Ames & C.Schweinf., Sched. Orch. 10: 26, 1930. Ety.: From the Latin fractiflexus, “flexuous,” referring to the raceme. Syn.: Pleurothallis corynophora Luer, Phytologia 55: 201, 1984. Ety.: From the Greek corynophorus, “mace-bearing,” in allusion to the prickly, clubbed petals. Syn.: Anathallis corynophora (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia fractiflexa (Ames & C.Schweinf.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 155 Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed below by 2 loose, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical to narrowly obovate, 15-28 mm long including a petiole 5-10 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, subacute to obtuse at the apex, narrowly cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a loose, flexuous, distichous, successively many-flowered raceme, 2-8 cm long including the peduncle 1-3 cm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts oblique, acute, 2 mm long; pedicels 1.5-2 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals rose-brown, subcarinate, glabrous externally, with a long, thin pubescence within, the dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, narrowly obtuse, 4.5-6 mm long, 2 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate into a elliptical, minutely bifid lamina, 4-5.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, 4-veined, forming an obtuse mentum with the column-foot, with the apices sub¬ acute; petals subfalcate, 3.5-4.5 mm long, dilated below the middle, 1.4 mm wide, 1-veined, contracted above the middle, then dilated into a pubescent, clavate apex; lip dark brown, subpandurate-oblong, rounded at the apex, 2 mm long, 1 mm wide, ciliate above the middle, the disc longitudinally channeled between a pair of low, longitudinal calli, the base minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column winged above the middle, tridentate at the apex, 2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long. COSTA RICA: Heredia: Yerba Buena, northeast of San Isidro, alt. ca. 2000 m, 22-28 Feb. 1926, P.C. Standley & J. Valerio 49902 (Holotype: AMES); same collection data, P.C. Standley & J. Valerio 49910 (paratype: AMES). Guanacaste: Monteverde, S. Ingram & K. Ferrell-Ingram 1723 (MO, CR). Sine loc., ca. 1867, A. Endres 42, 84 (illustrations at W). PANAMA: Chiriqui: cloud forest above Guadalupe, alt. 2300 m, 6 Dec. 1983, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Maduro 9299 (holotype of P. corynophora: SEL). Vegetatively indistinguishable from many other small, caespitose species, Panmorphia fractiflexa is distinguished by an elongating, successively flowering, flexuous raceme of flowers with clavate, pubescent petals. In one collection, the apices of the petals are merely terete and pubescent. The oblong lip is longitudinal¬ ly channeled. Panmorphia francesiana (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis francesiana Luer, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 4: 14, 2003. Ety.: Named for Frances, wife of Stephen Manning of Tarporley, Cheshire, England, who collected this species. Syn.: Specklinia francesiana (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 4-5 mm long, enclosed by 1 tubular sheath and another at the base. Leaf erect, thickly coriaceous, narrowly elliptical-obovate, subacute to obtuse, 2-4 cm long including the petiole 3-10 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, the base narrowly cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence a successively and distantly 4- to 5-flowered raceme 3-4 cm long including the peduncle ca. 2 cm long, from a node below the abscission layer; floral bract oblique, acuminate, minutely scabrous, 1.5-2 mm long; pedicel 2 mm long; ovary 1 mm long; sepals color unknown, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, sharply acute at the tip, 3.5 mm long, 2.75 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate only at the base, oblong, oblique, shortly acute, 3.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined; petals oblong, acute, acuminate, 4 mm long, 1 mm wide, 1-veined; lip elliptical, fleshy, 2.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, the apex narrowly rounded, thickened, the disc shallowly sulcate between a pair of longitudinal calli from a low, callous thickening at the base, the base subtruncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 2 mm long, denticulate at the apex, with the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral, the foot 1 mm long. PERU: Huanuco: near Tingo Maria, alt. 640 m, Nov. 2000, cultivated in Tarporley, Cheshire, England, S. Manning 817006 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 20023. This little species is apparently endemic in central Peru. Among the species of Panmorphia , it is most similar to P. humilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer of Venezuela. The plant is densely caespitose with very short ramicauls and narrow, thickly coriaceous leaves. The loose, successively few-flowered raceme eventually surpasses the leaf. The sepals and petals are shortly acuminate and sharply acute. The lip is elliptical and fleshy with a pair of longitudinal calli and a minute pair of basal lobules. 156 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Panmorphia funerea (Barb.Rodr.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Lepanthes funerea Barb.Rodr., Vellosia 1, ed. 2: 118, 1891. Ety.: From the Latin funereus, “of a funeral,” without doubt referring to the purple-black color of the flowers. Syn.: Pleurothallis breviscapa C.Schweinf., Bot. Mus. Leafl. 3: 79, 1935. Ety.: From the Latin breviscapus, “with short scape,” referring to the inflorescence shorter than the leaf of the type-specimen. In other specimens the raceme surpasses the leaf. Syn.: Pleurothallis praemorsa Luer, Selbyana 3: 388, 1978. Ety.: From the Latin praemorsus, “as if bitten off,” referring to the tip of the lip. Syn.: Anathallis breviscapa (C.Schweinf.) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 248, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia breviscapa (C.Schweinf.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 259, 2004. Syn.: Specklinia praemorsa (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 263, 2004. Syn.: Specklinia funerea (Barb.Rodr.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls short, erect, 5-18 mm long, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical to narrowly elliptical, acute to subacute, 15-50 mm long, 5-10 mm wide, gradually narrowed below into a petiole 5-20 mm long. Inflorescence a subflexu- ous, successively few- to many-flowered raceme up to 6 cm long including the peduncle 1-3 cm long, from a node near the abscission layer; peduncle, rachis, floral bract and pedicel cellular-glandular; floral bract 1.5-2 mm long; pedicel 2-3 mm long; ovary 1-5 mm long; sepals dark purple, glabrous, subcar- inate, the dorsal sepal narrowly elliptical-ovate, acute, 5-6.5 mm long, 1.5-1.75 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate only at the base, narrowly ovate-oblong, oblique, acute, recurved, 5-6.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, 3-veined; petals dark purple, elliptical-ovate, with the margins cellular-glandular, 2.75- 3.5 mm long, 1-1.25 mm wide, 3-veined, the apex acute, sometimes minutely truncate at the tip; lip purple-black, narrowly elliptical-obovate, slightly convex, minutely 3-lobed, 4-5 mm long, 1-1.25 mm wide, with the margins cellular-glandular, the apex obtuse or abruptly truncate, the lateral lobes about 1 mm above the base, erect, minutely oblong, obtuse, microscopically erose, the disc slightly thickened, protruding beyond the base, the base subtruncate, bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semi- terete, 1.5-2 mm long, denticulate-fimbriate at the apex, with the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral, the foot shallowly concave. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Alto-Amazonas, on Rfo Yauapery, tributary of Rio Negro, Barbosa Rodrigues s.n. (Holotype is Rodrigues’s illustr.). GUYANA: sine loc., June 1897, E.F. im Thurn 181 (holotype of S. breviscapa : K), C. Luer illustr. 18917. FRENCH GUIANA: Inselberg, northwest Monts de la Trinite, alt. 300-400 m, 5 Aug. 1981, G. Cremers 7417 (CAY). VENEZUELA: banks of Rio Icabaru, alt. ca. 1,500 ft., Apr. 1958, G.C.K. Dunsterville 454. ECUADOR: Pastaza: rain forest 20 km east of Puyo, alt. ca. 600 m, 3 Aug. 1977, C. Luer, J. Luer & J. Brenner 1813 (holotype of S. praemorsa : SEL); south of Puyo toward Macas, west of Rio Palora, alt. 950 m, 28 Feb. 2001, C. Luer, J. Luer & A. Hirtz 19557 (MO). Esmeraldas: wet forest west of Lita, alt. 300 m, 12 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz et al. 15572 (MO). Napo: Jatunyacu, alt. 650 m, Aug. 1991, A. Hirtz 5429 (MO). Morona-Santiago: between Mendez and Morona, alt. ca. 900 m, 19 Jan. 1989, A. Hirtz, A. Andreetta & S. Ortega 4140 (MO); near Pangui, alt. 1000 m, collected by and flow¬ ered in cultivation by Ecuagenera, Gualaceo, alt. 1000 m, 5 July 2002, A. Hirtz 8261 (MO). Zamora- Chinchipe: between Loja and Zamora, alt. 800-1000 m, Dec. 1892, F.C. Lehmann s.n. (K, HK139); Cordillera del Condor, west of Los Encuentros, alt. 1550 m, 15 May 1988, C. Luer, A. Hirtz, W. Teague & A. Andreetta 13471 (MO); Cordillera del Condor, east of Paquisha, alt. 1200 m, 23 Jan. 1992, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. & P. Jesup 16132 (MO). PERU: San Martin: Moyobamba, along Rfo Mayo, alt. 815 m, 9 Dec. 1990, D. Bennett, A. Bennett et al. 4769 (MO), C. Luer illustr. 14931. BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: northeast of Cochabamba near Villa Tunari, alt. 680 m, 24 Jan. 1980, C. Luer, J. Luer & R. Vasquez 4935 (MO). This species is widely distributed across northern South America and through the Andes into Bolivia. It was first recorded by Barbosa Rodrigues in Amazonian Brazil, and was published as Lepanthes funera Barb.Rodr. [=P anmorphiafunera (Barb.Rodr.) Luer] with an accurate illustration in 1891. It was also collected in Guyana by Im Thurn before the turn of the twentieth century, and described by Schweinfurth as Pleurothallis breviscapa C.Schweinf. [=P anmorphia funera (Barb.Rodr.) Luer] from this single collection 38 years later. Hydration of a flower SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 157 of the type specimen reveals the lip to be different from the description, that is, minute, lateral lobes were found to be present. The name breviscapa was misap¬ plied to another, similar, but distinctly different species in Venezuelan Orchids Illustrated , vol. 1, 1959. Unfortunately, this led to subsequent, innumerable misi- dentifications in numerous herbaria. What came to be known as Pleurothallis breviscapa [-Panmorphia funera (Barb.Rodr.) Luer] is the variable species de¬ scribed by Foldats as Pleurothallis rabei Foldats [=Panmorphia rabei (Foldats) Luer]. Dunsterville’s illustration published as Pleurothallis breviscapa in Venezue¬ lan Orchids Illustrated , vol. 4, 1966, is misidentified as P. ciliolata Schltr., a spe¬ cies from southern Brazil. From an Ecuadorian collection, this species was pub¬ lished as P. praemorsa Luer in 1978 [-Panmorphia funera (Barb.Rodr.) Luer], because the truncate tips of the petals and lip appear to have been chewed off by an insect. This unusual character is variable and inconstant, the tips of the petals and lip varying from entire to truncate and marginally thickened. Although obviously related to Panmorphia rabei , P. funerea is distinguished by a much longer peduncle that bears a successively flowered raceme from near the middle to beyond the tip of the leaf. The peduncle and rachis are microscopically pubescent. The peduncle of P. rabei is smooth and abbreviated, usually less than a centimeter long with a few-flowered raceme that rarely reaches near the apex of the leaf. The petals of P. funerea are microscopically erose, but entire to the naked eye. They are distinctly ciliate, often long-ciliate, in P. rabei. The lip of P. funerea is proportionately long, two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the sepals, and the lateral lobules are very small and near the base. The lip of P. rabei is no more than one- fourth as long as the sepals, and the notoriously variable lateral lobules are larger and near the middle. Panmorphia grayumii (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis grayumii Luer, Lindleyana 11: 78, 1996. Ety.: Named in honor of Michael Grayum of the Missouri Botanical Garden who discovered this species. Syn.: Specklinia grayumii (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, shortly repent, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls short, erect, 3-6 mm long, enclosed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, subpetiolate, margined, 10-18 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, cuneate below into the subpetiolate base. Inflorescence a congested, successive, 2- to 3-flowered raceme, ca. 5 mm long including the peduncle 2-2.5 mm long, from the ramicaul; floral bracts imbricating, 1 mm long; pedicels 1 mm long; ovary 0.75 mm long; sepals yellow- orange, glabrous, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, acute, 3.5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals narrowly ovate-triangular, oblique, acute, 4 mm long, 1 mm wide, 3-veined, connate only at the base where they form a small mentum below the column-foot; petals described as dark burgundy, narrowly ovate, acute, 3 mm long, 0.6 mm wide; lip fleshy, narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, slightly dilated above the middle and longitudinally channeled, terete and verruculose below the middle, the base delicately hinged to the column-foot between membranous lobules; column semi- terete, long-denticulate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the foot 0.75 mm long, the anther and stigma hooded and ventral. COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Canton Brus, along Rio Jaba, downstream from Jardfn Botanico Robert y Catherine Wilson, alt. 1000-1100 m, 22 Jan. 1989, M. Grayum & T. Gruner 9270 (Holotype: CR; Iso¬ type: MO), C. Luer illustr. 16520. This small species is apparently rare, known only by the original collection from Costa Rica. It is distinguished by obovate leaves borne by abbreviated ramicauls. The inflorescence is a very short, successively few-flowered raceme. The sepals and petals are acute. The lip is narrowly oblong, channeled above the middle, and terete and verruculose below the middle. The base is minutely bilobulate. 158 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Panmorphia haberi (Luer) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis haberi Luer, Selbyana 23: 36, 2002. Ety.: Named in honor of William Haber of the Missouri Botanical Garden who discovered this species. Syn.: Anathallis haberi (Luer) Solano & Soto Arenas, Icon. Orch. (Mex.) 6-7: t. 520, 2002 [2003]. Syn.: Specklinia haberi (Luer) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls short, erect, 2-3 mm long, en¬ closed by 2 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, petiolate, 10-15 mm long including a petiole 2-5 mm long, 3-4 mm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a fascicle of single, successive flowers, borne by a slender peduncle 10-12 mm long, from the ramicaul; floral bracts tubular, 2 mm long; pedicel 3 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals purple, darker along the veins, fleshy, subcar- inate, glabrous, the dorsal sepal ovate-triangular, acute, 3 mm long, 1 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate to near the apices into an ovate, bifid lamina with acute apices, 2.75 mm long, 2 mm wide, 4-veined; petals oblong below the middle, abruptly narrowed above obtuse, marginal angles above the middle to a narrowly obtuse apex, 2 mm long, 0.8 mm wide at the middle; lip fleshy, oblong, obtuse, ciliate, 2 mm long, 0.5 mm wide, with the margins thin and erect in the lower third, the disc deeply channeled longitudinally between a pair of calli that terminate in a small, erect point above the base, the base delicately hinged to the column-foot between membranous lobules; column semi terete, tridentate at the apex, 1.5 mm long, the foot 0.5 mm long, the anther and stigma hooded and ventral. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Reserva Biologica Monteverde, Rio Penas Blancas, alt. 900 m, 15 Dec. 1987, W. Haber & E. Bello 7917 (Holotype: CR; Isotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 16514. This small species is apparently rare, or overlooked, known only by the original collection from Costa Rica. It is distinguished by obovate leaves borne by abbrevi¬ ated ramicauls. The fascicle of small, single, purple flowers with darker purple stripes is borne by a hairlike peduncle nearly as long as the leaves. The sepals are fleshy, subcarinate and acute, the laterals connate to near the apices. The petals are abruptly narrowed above the middle. The oblong lip is minutely ciliate, deeply channeled down the center with a “sun-dial” callus above the base, and the base is minutely bilobulate. Panmorphia herpethophyton (Schltr.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis herpethophyton Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 27: 52, 1929. Ety.: From the Greek herpethophyton, “a snake-like plant,” alluding to the repent habit. Syn.: Specklinia herpethophyton (Schltr.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, repent, the rhizome 2-5 mm long between ramicauls, with 1-2 sheaths; roots slender from along the rhizome. Ramicauls ascending-erect, 1-3 mm long, enclosed by 2-3 tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, narrowly elliptical, acute to subacute, 1-2.5 cm long, including an indis¬ tinct petiole less than 2-3 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, gradually narrowed below to the base. Inflorescence a closely spaced, successively 2-flowered raceme, ca. 3 mm long including the peduncle 1 mm long, from near the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 0.75 mm long; pedicels 1 mm long; ovary 0.5 mm long; sepals fleshy, glabrous, yellow-orange, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal oblong-elliptical, acute, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, barely connate to the lateral sepals, the lateral sepals free, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute, 3.5 mm long, 1.3 mm wide, 3-veined, barely connate at the base; petals translucent dark purple, glabrous, narrowly ovate, acute, 2.5 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 1-veined; lip dark purple, ciliate, elliptical- oblong, shallowly longitudinally sulcate, acute, 2 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, the base with a lobule at both corners, hinged between to the column-foot; column semiterete, winged above the middle, denticulate at the apex, 1.75 mm long, the foot 0.5 mm long, the anther and stigma hooded and ventral. BOLIVIA: La Paz: Nor Yungas, Polo-Poli bei Coroico, alt. 1100 m, Oct.-Nov. 1912, O. Buchtien 6345 (Holotype destroyed at B; Lectotype: US here designated). ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: forest along Rio Upano north of Macas, alt. 1050 m, 14 Jan. 1989, C. Luer, J. Luer, A. Hirtz, A. & P. Jesup 13905 (MO). This little species occurs infrequently on the eastern slopes of the Andes at rela¬ tively low altitudes. In habit, it is similar to Panmorphia sertularioides (Sw.) Luer. The erect, narrowly elliptical leaves are produced on short ramicauls along a pros- SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 159 trate rhizome. The inflorescence is an abbreviated, successively two-flowered raceme. The three sepals are free, the petals are acute, and the lip is oblong and ciliate with a pair of basal lobules. The flower of the lectotype at US is in too poor condition to use, but Schlech- ter’s detailed description applies exactly to the plant described above. The descrip¬ tion above was made from the Ecuadorian collection. Panmorphia holstii (Carnevali & I.Ramirez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis holstii Carnevali & I.Ramfrez, Ernstia 39: 18, 1986. Ety.: Named for Bruce Holst, who collected this species. Syn.: Pleurothallis deborana Carnevali & I.Ramfrez, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 553, 1990. Ety.: Named for Debora, daughter of German and Ivon Carnevali. Syn.: Pleurothallispemonum Carnevali & I.Ramfrez, Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 77: 555, 1990. Ety.: Named for the Pemon Indians who live where this species occurs in Venezuela. Syn.: Specklinia deborana (Carnevali & I.Ramfrez) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 260, 2004. Syn.: Specklinia pemonum (Carnevali & I.Ramfrez) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 262,2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, shortly repent, the rhizome 1-2 mm long between ramicauls; roots proportionately thick. Ramicauls stout, reclining to ascending, 1-2 mm long, enclosed by a tubular sheath. Leaf more or less suberect and, overlapping, thickly coriaceous, broadly elliptical, obtuse, 6-9 mm long, 5-6 mm wide, broadly cuneate below into the subsessile base. Inflorescence a congested, successively 3- to 8-flowered raceme, up to 9 mm long including the peduncle ca. 2 mm long, from a node below the apex of the ramicaul; floral bracts 1-1.5 mm long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 mm long; ovary ca. 1 mm long; sepals free, glabrous, yellow-green, suffused with purple within, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals slightly oblique, similar to the dorsal sepal; petals glabrous, suffused with purple, narrowly ovate, acute, oblique, ca. 3 mm long, ca. 0.8 mm wide, 1-veined, with irregular margins; lip purple, oblong, obtuse, cellular-glandular, ca. 1-1.5 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide, the base truncate with a minute basal lobule at the corners, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, winged toward the apex, ca. 1.5 mm long, the anther and stigma apparently ventral. VENEZUELA: Bolivar: Cedeno, forest bordering savanna east of Rfo Parquaza, Km. 125 from Northern Alcabala of Puerto Ayacucho, 8 Sept. 1985, J.A. Steyermark, B. Holst & B. Manara 131611 (Holotype: VEN; Isotype: MO); Cedeno, east of Rfo Parguaza, north of Puerto Ayacucho, alt. 100 m, collected by B. Holst, flowered in cultivation, June 1987, by G. Carnevali & I. Ramirez 2317 (holotype of P. deborana : VEN); Quebrada Los Brasileros, south of Icabaru, alt. 480 m, Dec. 1976, J.A. Steyermark et al. 117784 (paratype of P. pemonum : VEN); Rfo Carrao, alt. 450 m, April 1972, G.C.K. Dunsterville & E. Dunster- ville 1221 (paratypes of P. pemonum : AMES, VEN). Amazonas: Atures, road to Gavilan, east of Fundo Dona Juana, June 1987, G.A. Romero 1334 (holotype of P. pemonum : VEN; isotype: TFAV). This species occurs locally in eastern Venezuela where it was first collected by Bruce Holst on a branch of a tree about 10 meters above the ground, and described as Pleurothallis holstii [=Panmorphia holstii (Carnevali & I.Ramfrez) Luer]. At the request of German Carnevali, Holst returned to the tree two years later for more material, which flowered in cultivation. Its only flower was illustrated and pub¬ lished as Pleurothallis deborana . No material is available for study. Panmorphia holstii is characterized by tiny, broadly elliptical leaves borne closely on a creeping rhizome. A successively several-flowered raceme eventually reaches near the tips of the leaves. The sepals are ovate and free; the petals are similar and acute; and details of the elliptical, subacute lip are variable. German Carnevali says that living material of three concepts cited above appear distinct. However, all three are repent, none is caespitose, and the morphology of the flowers of all three are identical except for minor variations of the lip that were noted in rehydrated flowers by different illustrators. More collections of fresh material are necessary for resolution of the differences seen in dried material. The accompanying illustration is a modification of Dunsterville 1221 , published as Pleurothallis pemonum in Orchids of Venezuela, an Illustrated Field Guide , ed. 2. 160 ICONES PLEUROTHALLIDINARUM Panmorphia humilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis humilis C.Schweinf., Fieldiana Bot. 28: 185, 1951. Ety.: From the Latin humilis, “low,” referring to the size in relationship to related species. Syn.: Pleurothallis nortonii Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 76: 174, 1999. Ety.: Named for Darrin Norton of Ludlow, VT, who has cultivated this species for many years Syn.: Anathallis nortonii (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Lindleyana 16: 249, 2001. Syn.: Specklinia humilis (C.Schweinf.) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 1.5-x cm long, enclosed by tubular sheath and 1-2 other sheaths at the base. Leaf erect, coriaceous, elliptical, subacute, 4.5 cm long including a petiole ca. 1 cm long, 1.1 cm wide, cuneate below into the petiole. Inflorescence a successively and distantly 2- to 3-flowered raceme 4-5 cm long including the peduncle 2-2.5 cm long, from a node below the abscission layer; floral bract tubular, microscopically scabrous, 2.5 mm long; pedicel 8-9 mm long; ovary 3 mm long; sepals translucent orange, glabrous, subcarinate, the dorsal sepal ovate, acute, 5 mm long, 1.8 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals connate only at the base, narrowly ovate, oblique, acute, 5 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 3-veined; petals blackish red, narrowly-ovate, acute, attenuate, 4 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, 1-veined; lip blackish red, elliptical-oblong, 3.25 mm long, 1 mm wide, with the margins microscopically cellular and a minute marginal lobule between the middle and basal thirds, the apex rounded, thickened, convex, the disc shallowly sulcate between a pair of longitu¬ dinal calli from a rounded, callous thickening at the base, the base subtruncate, minutely bilobulate, hinged to the column-foot; column semiterete, 3.5 mm long, denticulate at the apex, with the anther, rostellum and stigma hooded and ventral, the foot 1 mm long. VENEZUELA: Bolivar: slopes of Quebrada O-paru-ma, between Santa Teresita and Rio Pacairao, alt. 1065-1220 m, 20-21 Nov. 1944, J.A. Steyermark 67283? (Holotype: F); sine loc., obtained from Dun- sterville by J & L Orchids, Easton, CT, cultivated in Ludow, VT, by Darrin Morton, 6 Sept. 1999, C. Luer 19229 (holotype of P. nortonii : MO). This little species is seldomly encountered in Venezuela where it is apparently endemic. Steyermark’s collection described by Schweinfurth was apparently a depauperate specimen with developing capsules. A subsequent collection well- grown in cultivation by Darrin Norton at Mountain Orchids has produced a larger plant, but with the same flowers. The species is distinguished by a ramicaul shorter than the leaf, and a sparsely flow¬ ered raceme that slightly surpasses the leaf. The few, successive flowers are widely separated and borne on long pedicels. The sepals and petals are acute. The lip is oblong with a thickened, rounded apex, a pair of small, marginal lobes below the middle, and a pair of basal lobules. Panmorphia imberbis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis imberbis Luer & Hirtz, Lindleyana 11: 163, 1996. Ety.: From the Latin imberbis, “beardless,” referring to the glabrous labellum. Syn.: Pleurothallis aondae Camevali & G.A.Romero, Orch. Venez. ed. 2, 3: 1141, 2000. Ety.: Named for the forest of Rfo Aonda in the state of Bolivar, Venezuela, where the species was collected. Syn.: Specklinia imberbis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 3-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, obovate, obtuse to rounded, 15-20 mm long including the petiole 3-4 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, margined, the base cuneate into the petiole. In¬ florescence an erect, congested, successively several-flowered raceme, borne by a filiform peduncle 20- 22 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts imbricating, 3 mm long; pedicel 2.5-3 mm long; ovary, 1 mm long; sepals dark purple, glabrous, the dorsal sepal narrowly ovate, subacute, 3 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, the lateral sepals elliptical, oblique, subacute or obtuse, 3 mm long, connate 2 mm into a lamina 2.5 mm wide; petals translucent purple, glabrous, entire, ovate, oblique, obtuse, 2.5 mm long, 1.5 mm wide; lip purple, ovate, glabrous, 1.75 mm long, 0.8 mm wide, the margins slightly dilated and erect below the middle, the apex rounded, the disc longitudinally sulcate between a parallel pair of calli, the base subcordate, minutely bilobulate, delicately hinged to the column-foot; column broadly winged, lacerate at the apex, 1.75 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot thick with the end of the ovary, 0.5 mm long, shallowly concave. SYSTEMATICS OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE 161 ECUADOR: Morona-Santiago: Cordillera del Cutucu, epiphytic in forest along the new road between Mendez and Morona, alt. ca. 900 m, 19 Jan. 1989, A. Hirtz, A. Andreetta & S. Ortega 4136 (Holotype: MO), C. Luer illustr. 14917. Napo: between Puerto Napo and Misahualli, alt. 430 m, 23 June 1987, C.H. Dodson & M.W.Chase 17230 (MO). VENEZUELA: Bolivar: Guatopo, Oct. 1956, G.C.K. Dunsterville\ forest of Rio Aonda, Auyantepui, alt. ca. 600 m, Sept. 1972, G.C.K. Dunsterville 1239 (holotype of P. aondae: drawing at AMES). BRAZIL: Amazonas: Igarape de Taruma near Manaus, alt. 200 m, collected by M. Madison, flowered in cultivation 19 Mar. 1979, C. Luer 4038 (SEL). This species is occurs in lowland eastern Ecuador, Venezuela and Amazonian Brazil. It is most similar to the relatively frequent, minute Panmorphia barbulata (Lindl.) Luer of higher altitudes, but P. imberbis is distinguished from the latter by a larger habit and by broader, obtuse, glabrous petals and glabrous lip. Panmorphia inversa (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis inversa Luer & R.Vasquez, Rev. Soc. Bol. Bot. 3: 50, 2001. Ety.: From the Latin inversus , “inverted,” referring to the non-resupinate flower. Syn.: Specklinia inversa (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 95: 261, 2004. Plant very small, epiphytic, densely caespitose; roots slender. Ramicauls slender, erect, 2-5 mm long, enclosed by 2 thin, tubular sheaths. Leaf erect, coriaceous, broadly obovate, obtuse to rounded at the apex, 8-18 mm long including an indistinct petiole 1.5-5 mm long, 5-7 mm wide, margined, the base cuneate into the petiole. Inflorescence an erect, congested, successively several-flowered raceme, borne by a filiform peduncle 15-23 mm long, borne laterally from the ramicaul; floral bracts imbricating, 1.5-2 mm long; pedicel 3-4 mm long; ovary, 1 mm long; flower non-resupinate; sepals purple, glabrous, the middle sepal ovate, acute, 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, 3-veined, the lateral sepals lightly adherent into an elliptical, bifid lamina, with the apices subacute, 3.5 mm long, 3 mm wide, 4-veined; petals translu¬ cent purple, oblong, oblique, obtuse, 2 mm long, 1.25 mm wide, 1-veined; lip purple, ovate, glabrous, 2.5 mm long, 0.75 mm wide, with the margins erect below the middle, the apex narrowly rounded, the disc longitudinally sulcate between a longitudinal pair of calli, the base subtruncate, minutely bilobulate, delicately hinged to the column-foot; column broadly winged above the middle, lacerate at the apex, 2 mm long, the anther, rostellum and stigma ventral, the foot 1 mm long, shallowly concave. BOLIVIA: Cochabamba: epiphytic in forest around Villa Tunari, alt. 400 m, 29 Nov. 1978, C. Luer, J. Luer et al. 3580 (Holotype: SEL). This tiny species was erroneously included as an additional collection of Pleuro¬ thallis imberbis [=Panmorphia imberbis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer] at the time of the publication of Pleurothallis inversa [=Panmorphia inversa (Luer & R.Vasquez) Luer]. Apparently endemic in lowland, central Bolivia, Panmorphia inversa is characterized by the minute habit with broadly obovate leaves that are surpassed by a filamentous peduncle bearing a congested raceme of successive pedicels. The flower is held non-resupinate with the middle sepal and synsepal convex in opposite directions. The petals clasp the column while the lip protrudes above. Panmorphia involuta (L.O.Williams) Luer, comb. nov. Bas.: Pleurothallis involuta L.O.Williams, Bot. Mus. Leafl. 12: 239, 1946. Ety.: From the Latin involutus, “intricate,” referring to